卷烟材料多因素对卷烟通风率及过滤效率的影响

为探讨卷烟纸、成型纸、接装纸及滤嘴组合搭配对纸通风率、滤嘴通风率、总通风率及卷烟过滤效率的影响规律,采用L27(313)裂区正交设计方法进行在线试验和取样.检测结果经过直观分析、方差分析及贡献率分析,结果表明:滤嘴长度、吸阻及接装纸透气度是影响试验指标的显著因素和重要因素;滤嘴长度为27 mm,吸阻为794 Pa卷烟的纸通风率及总通风率最大;滤嘴长度或吸阻越大,卷烟的滤嘴通风率及过滤效率也越大;接装纸透气度越大,滤嘴通风率、总通风率及过滤效率也越大,而纸通风率则越小.     

27 mm滤嘴长卷烟材料多因素对主流烟气递送量及过滤效率的影响

采用正交试验设计的方法研究27 mm滤嘴长卷烟之卷烟纸、成型纸、接装纸及嘴棒组合搭配对国标规定的卷烟主流烟气递送量（包括焦油量、烟气烟碱量、烟气CO及烟气水分）及过滤效率的影响。结果表明:接装纸透气度及嘴棒吸阻是影响卷烟主流烟气递送量的高度显著因素及重要因素;成型纸透气度及嘴棒吸阻是影响过滤效率的高度显著因素及重要因素。重点对接装纸透气度、成型纸透气度及嘴棒吸阻进行调整和控制,可以很好地实现对27 mm滤嘴长卷烟主流烟气递送量及过滤效率的控制,减少产品质量波动,降低产品成本。使用该方法可快捷、高效、经济、准确地确定卷烟材料多因素对卷烟主流烟气递送量及过滤效率的影响规律。      

通风稀释对卷烟燃烧温度及主流烟气中主要有害成分释放量的影响

为降低卷烟危害性,考察了卷烟纸、接装纸、成型纸透气度对卷烟燃烧温度和卷烟主流烟气中7种有害成分(CO,HCN,NNK,NH3,B[a]P,苯酚和巴豆醛)及焦油释放量的影响,并研究了卷烟总通风率对主流烟气中7种有害成分释放量及卷烟危害性指数的影响规律.结果表明:①随着卷烟纸和接装纸透气度的增加,卷烟燃烧温度升高,卷烟主流烟气中除NNK外其他6种有害成分的释放量、焦油量及危害性指数均降低;②成型纸透气度的变化对卷烟燃烧温度及烟气有害成分释放量的影响不规律;③卷烟总通风率增加,卷烟主流烟气中多数有害成分释放量、焦油量及危害性指数有不同程度的降低.适当增加卷烟纸、接装纸的透气度,提高卷烟总通风率,可在一定程度上调控卷烟燃烧温度,降低卷烟烟气中有害成分释放量,从而降低卷烟的危害性指数.     

辅助材料设计参数对卷烟7种烟气有害成分释放量的影响

为考察辅助材料设计参数对卷烟7种烟气有害成分释放量的影响,采用单因素影响设计法制备了40种试验卷烟,考察了卷烟纸透气度、卷烟纸定量、滤棒吸阻、接装纸透气度、成型纸透气度和滤嘴通风度对这些卷烟主流烟气CO、氢氰酸、NNK、氨、苯并[a]芘、苯酚、巴豆醛释放量的影响。结果表明:①卷烟纸定量对苯酚和CO的释放量有显著的影响,随着卷烟纸定量的增加,苯酚释放量下降,CO量增加;②卷烟纸透气度与HCN,NH3,BaP,CO和苯酚释放量有显著的负相关关系,影响大小依次为HCN>NH3>BaP≈CO>苯酚;③滤棒吸阻与NNK,NH3,HCN,苯酚,BaP和CO释放量有显著的负相关关系,影响大小依次为苯酚>NH3>NNK>HCN>BaP>CO;④滤棒成型纸透气度和接装纸透气度对CO,NNK,NH3,HCN,巴豆醛,苯酚和BaP释放量均有一定的影响,但成型纸透气度的影响较小,接装纸透气度的影响较明显。随着接装纸透气度的增大,成型纸透气度对有害成分释放量的影响程度增大;⑤滤嘴通风度与CO,NH3,HCN,巴豆醛,苯酚和BaP有显著的负相关关系,其影响大小依次为HCN>CO>巴豆醛>NH3>苯酚>BaP。辅助材料设计参数对卷烟7种烟气有害成分有一定的影响。     

接装纸对卷烟烟气焦油及7种有害成分的影响

为了降低吸烟的危害性,考察了三种不同接装纸(静电打孔、激光打孔和自然透气接装纸)对卷烟主流烟气中焦油、7种有害成分(CO,HCN,NNK,NH3,B[a]P,苯酚和巴豆醛)及危害性指数的影响。结果表明:①在相同焦油水平时,自然透气接装纸卷烟具有较低的滤嘴通风率;②在相同滤嘴通风率下,相对静电打孔、激光打孔接装纸卷烟,自然透气接装纸卷烟具有较低的焦油、CO、HCN、NNK、B[a]P和巴豆醛释放量,以及CO/焦油比值;③在相同滤嘴通风率下,三种接装纸卷烟烟气中苯酚和NH3的释放量差别不明显;④在相同滤嘴通风率下,自然透气接装纸卷烟的危害性指数较低。自然透气接装纸具有较好的降焦减害性能,可用于低危害卷烟的开发。     

不同材料组合对卷烟主流烟气中苯并[a]芘释放量的影响

为研究不同卷烟材料参数(卷烟纸、接装纸和成型纸透气度,复合滤嘴丝端和嘴端丝束规格(丝束指数I),添加剂A(安息香树脂)和B(香柠檬油)用量对卷烟主流烟气中苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)释放量的影响,采用均匀设计实验方案制备了不同材料组合的试验卷烟样品,通过因子影响效应分析方法对主流烟气中B[a]P释放量数据进行了分析,并对优化的卷烟材料组合进行了验证。结果表明:1成型纸透气度对主流烟气中B[a]P释放量的影响不显著,其余6种因子对B[a]P释放量贡献的大小顺序为:添加剂B用量滤嘴丝端丝束指数I滤嘴嘴端丝束指数I=卷烟纸透气度接装纸透气度添加剂A用量,且存在着两两交互作用;2较低主流烟气B[a]P释放量的卷烟材料参数组合为:卷烟纸透气度50 CU、接装纸透气度400 CU、滤嘴丝端丝束规格3.5 Y/34 000、滤嘴嘴端丝束规格3.0 Y/35 000、添加剂A用量2.436 mg/支和添加剂B用量2.100 mg/支;3与正常生产的对照样品相比,采用优化的材料参数组合制备的卷烟样品其主流烟气B[a]P释放量降低了48.87%。     

卷烟纸参数对中支卷烟逐口通风率的影响

制备了不同卷烟纸透气度、定量、助燃剂钾钠比、麻浆含量、助燃剂含量及灰分含量的滤嘴无通风中支卷烟,对其逐口通风率进行测定。结果表明,卷烟纸透气度对中支卷烟静态通风率影响较大,呈正相关关系,麻浆含量和助燃剂钾钠比对卷烟纸通风率有一定影响,卷烟纸定量、助燃剂含量、灰分含量对卷烟纸通风率影响较小。中支卷烟第2口的通风率高于静态通风率,随着抽吸的进行,不同卷烟纸参数的卷烟,其逐口通风率递减5%左右。随着卷烟纸透气度的增大,抽吸时逐口间通风率相差值明显增大。     

自透接装纸对降焦减害及感官质量的影响

滤嘴通风技术是目前国际上应用较为普遍的降焦手段之一,因其技术较为简便,且降焦效果明显而被广泛使用。目前主要是通过使用激光打孔接装纸,辅以高透成形纸的通风滤嘴实现。用自然透气度的接装纸代替打孔接装纸,可以免去打孔工序。将不同透气度的自透接装纸卷制成香烟样品,分析样品的主流烟气中有害物质的释放量、通风率、通风率变异系数,并对卷烟感官进行了评吸。在同等条件下与激光打孔烟用接装纸对进行对比,结果表明:在相同透气度的情况下,自透接装纸样品的一些有害成分如烟碱、焦油、巴豆醛、CO等的释放量更低,通风率变异系数均值为5.84%,低于打孔接装纸样品(6.67%)。当透气度低于160CU时,自透接装纸样品烟香更丰满、细腻、谐调,余味更纯净舒适。     

卷烟纸、接装纸和滤嘴丝束对卷烟烟气水分和焦油的影响

研究了不同透气度、不同定量的卷烟纸及不同透气度的预打孔接装纸对卷烟主流烟气水分和焦油的影响.结果发现:①卷烟纸透气度每增加10 CU,水分降低0.122 mg/支,降低率为2.94%;焦油降低0.3 mg左右,降低率约1.93%;②随着卷烟纸定量的增大,烟气水分呈增加趋势,而焦油则呈下降趋势,当卷烟纸的定量大于28 g/m2后,烟气水分的增加和焦油降低的幅度均很小;③预打孔接装纸透气度每增加100 CU,烟气水分降低约0.3 mg/支,降低率12.14%,而焦油则降低1.32 mg,降低率9.7%.因此,从保持烟气水分和降低焦油考虑,卷烟纸的透气度宜小于70 CU,定量应大于28 g/m2;宜采用低透气度接装纸.     

等离子和静电打孔接装纸特性及其对卷烟物理和常规烟气指标的影响

  目的  为综合对比评价等离子打孔和静电打孔接装纸的特性及其对卷烟物理指标和常规烟气成分释放量的影响。  方法  采用两种打孔方式不同透气度和不同孔带宽度的接装纸进行电镜扫描和卷烟试验。  结果  （1）试验条件下,静电打孔接装纸比等离子打孔接装纸的孔密度更高、孔径更小。（2）在相同孔带宽度和接装纸透气度下,静电打孔和等离子打孔卷烟的吸阻稳定性、总通风率稳定性和常规烟气成分释放量无显著差异,静电打孔卷烟滤嘴通风率稳定性优于等离子打孔。（3）增加打孔宽度可提高卷烟滤嘴通风率的稳定性,可降低焦油量、烟气烟碱量和一氧化碳量等常规烟气指标。  结论  从烟支物理特性及降低焦油、烟碱和一氧化碳的角度,等离子打孔和静电打孔可以实现等同应用,应尽量增加打孔密度,减小打孔孔径,并增加打孔宽度。      

Super9卷接机组烟支调头装置的改造及分析

采用锥轮调头装置对Super9卷接机组的烟支调头部分进行了改造,并对采用圆盘调头技术和锥轮调头技术的结构原理、工艺流程、烟支输送线速度差和调整要求等进行了对比分析,同时还对两种调头技术对烟支表面起皱、空头和废品消耗所造成的影响进行了统计分析.实际使用效果表明,采用锥轮调头装置可以减少表面起皱和空头卷烟数量,减少废烟单耗.     

Effects of cigarette tax on cigarette consumption and the Chinese economy

OBJECTIVES: To analyse a policy dilemma in China on public health versus the tobacco economy through additional cigarette tax. METHODS: Using published statistics from 1980 through 1997 to estimate the impact of tobacco production and consumption on government revenue and the entire economy. These estimates relied on the results of estimated price elasticities of the demand for cigarettes in China. RESULTS: Given the estimated price elasticities (-0.54), by introducing an additional 10% increase in cigarette tax per pack (from the current 40% to 50% tax rate), the central government tax revenue would twice exceed total losses in industry revenue, tobacco farmers' income, and local tax revenue. In addition, between 1.44 and 2.16 million lives would be saved by this tax increase. CONCLUSIONS: Additional taxation on cigarettes in China would be a desirable public policy for the Chinese government to consider.     

Higher cigarette prices influence cigarette purchase patterns

Objective: To examine cigarette purchasing patterns of current smokers and to determine the effects of cigarette price on use of cheaper sources, discount/generic cigarettes, and coupons.

Background: Higher cigarette prices result in decreased cigarette consumption, but price sensitive smokers may seek lower priced or tax-free cigarette sources, especially if they are readily available. This price avoidance behaviour costs states excise tax money and dampens the health impact of higher cigarette prices.

Methods: Telephone survey data from 3602 US smokers who were originally in the COMMIT (community intervention trial for smoking cessation) study were analysed to assess cigarette purchase patterns, use of discount/generic cigarettes, and use of coupons.

Results: 59% reported engaging in a high price avoidance strategy, including 34% who regularly purchase from a low or untaxed venue, 28% who smoke a discount/generic cigarette brand, and 18% who report using cigarette coupons more frequently that they did five years ago. The report of engaging in a price avoidance strategy was associated with living within 40 miles of a state or Indian reservation with lower cigarette excise taxes, higher average cigarette consumption, white, non-Hispanic race/ethnicity, and female sex.

Conclusion: Data from this study indicate that most smokers are price sensitive and seek out measures to purchase less expensive cigarettes, which may decrease future cessation efforts.

     

卷烟的卷制水分变化对卷制质量的影响

实验发现,不讼一类卷烟还是一类卷烟,随着烟丝中水分的提高,整丝率变化率均显著增加,即抗碎性提高,一般适宜的卷烟水分应为：一类卷烟１３％,二类卷烟１３．５％左右,不宜过低。卷制过程中整丝率变化率在９２％－９５％的烟丝,抗碎性最佳,同一种烟丝,其整丝率变化率在不同的卷烟机上卷制时不尽相同。进而影响烟支单支重量、空头率,应尽量减少卷烟机后身对烟丝的造碎。     

卷烟机烟支重量控制系统分析

对目前卷烟机中常见的几种烟支重量控制系统进行了分析,指出了气-液重量控制装置和电子重量控制装置的局限性,说明了复合控制系统的特点及对提高卷烟重量控制精度和产品质量的作用.     

Investigating cigarette affordability in 60 cities using the cigarette price-daily income ratio

Objective

To investigate cigarette affordability in 60 cities.

Methods

Affordability of cigarettes is defined as the ratio of the price of one pack of cigarettes to daily income (cigarette price‐daily income ratio: CPDIR). Daily income data were calculated using the mean of the seven occupations with the lowest daily wage, as listed in the 2006 Union Bank of Switzerland survey; cigarette prices in 2006 were sourced from the Economist Intelligence Unit.

Results

Cigarette affordability in most of the surveyed cities remains high. There is a tendency for cities with high income economies to have a high level of cigarette affordability. Most of the cities in Western Europe and South and North America have high cigarette affordability, whereas 66.7% of their counterparts in Eastern Europe have medium cigarette affordability. In Asia, all cities with high cigarette affordability belong to the group of upper middle to high income economies, except for the Philippines. In Africa, Johannesburg and Nairobi have high and medium levels of cigarette affordability, respectively.

Conclusion

Cigarette affordability for most of the sampled cities, especially those in high income economies, is high. There is room for increasing cigarette prices via tax increases. There is a risk that the increase in cigarette prices in newly emerging economies lags behind the high speed of economic growth being experiencing. Tax increases should be given high priority.     

The consequences of the unregulated cigarette

This article considers changes in cigarette design in relation to the concept of "dose", drawing attention to the observation that there is not one smoking related epidemic of lung cancer, but at least two. Squamous carcinoma is declining in parallel with smoking prevalence while adenocarcinoma is increasing in the face of declining smoking prevalence. It is concluded that the adenocarcinoma epidemic is unnecessary and is due substantially to cigarette design changes, including increases in tobacco specific nitrosamines, manipulation of droplet size and ventilated filters. The need for regulation of smoke constituents is emphasised.     

Hand rolling cigarette papers as the reference point for regulating cigarette fire safety

Aim: To compare the burning characteristics of the tobacco and paper of manufactured and hand rolled cigarettes, and set a fire safety standard of manufacture to largely reduce the fire risk from discarded cigarettes.

Methods: (1) Cigarette extinction test of ignition strength: 40 cigarettes per brand, lit and placed on 15 layers of filter paper, in accordance with ASTM test standard E2187-02. (2) Citrate extracted by 0.1N hydrochloric acid from cigarette papers and from tobacco in manufactured cigarettes, the supernatant analysed by high performance liquid chromatography using ultraviolet visual light spectrophotometer. (3) Survey of 750 nationally representative adults age 18 years and over, by telephone, including 184 smokers.

Materials: (a) New Zealand made Holiday, and Horizon, and US made Marlboro manufactured cigarettes; (b) US manufactured Merit with banded paper; (c) Holiday, Horizon and Marlboro hand rolling tobaccos, hand rolled in Rizla cigarette papers; (d) manufactured cigarettes as in (a), reconstructed using Rizla hand rolling cigarette papers.

Results: 1. (a) For each brand of manufactured cigarettes, 40/40 burnt full length; (b) for Merit banded paper cigarettes 29/40 (73%) burnt full length; (c) for each brand of hand rolled cigarettes 0/40 burnt full length; (d) 0/40 manufactured cigarettes reconstructed with Rizla hand rolling paper burnt full length. 2. Citrate content: (a) In manufactured cigarette papers: 0.3–0.8 mg; in tobacco of manufactured cigarettes: Holiday 0, Horizon 0, Marlboro 8.8 mg; (b) Merit: in banded paper 0.418 mg; in tobacco 10.23 mg; (c) In hand rolled cigarettes: in the papers < 0.08 mg; in hand rolled tobacco 13.3–15.0 mg; (d) In hand rolling papers of reconstructed cigarettes: < 0.018 mg. 3. Requiring manufactured cigarettes to compulsorily self-extinguish when left unattended was supported by 67% of smokers, 61% of manufactured cigarette smokers, 82% of hand rolled smokers, and by 68% of non-smokers.

Conclusion: The wrapping paper is a key determinant of whether or not unpuffed cigarettes burn their full length. Using international test methods, popular brands of manufactured cigarettes all burnt full length, but none did so when re-wrapped in hand rolling cigarette paper. This provides a ready-to-hand smoker acceptable standard for reducing ignition potential from manufactured cigarettes, as a basis for regulation or litigation.

     

卷烟纸参数对卷烟持灰能力的影响

为了探究吸燃条件下卷烟纸对持灰能力的影响,以定量、透气度、碳酸镁添加量、助燃剂之钠钾比、酸根类型和助燃剂用量为参数,采用均匀试验设计方法设计、制备了12种不同卷烟纸参数组合的卷烟样品,通过单因素分析、回归分析等方法研究了卷烟纸参数对卷烟持灰能力的影响,并进行了卷烟纸参数优化。结果表明：① 随着卷烟纸参数组合的变化持灰能力介于39.07~43.76 mm,变化率为12.0%。② 透气度、钠钾比、碳酸镁添加量、酸根类型的共同作用可解释持灰能力变异的92.3%,是影响持灰能力的主要因素,且主次顺序为透气度、钠钾比、碳酸镁添加量、酸根类型;定量和助燃剂用量是影响持灰能力的次要因素,对持灰能力影响的方向和程度与上述4项参数的组合情况有关。③ 卷烟纸参数的最优组合为定量40 g/m²、透气度50 CU、碳酸镁添加量0%、钠钾比（摩尔比）5.0、酸根类型氯离子、助燃剂用量2.0%。