辅助材料设计参数对卷烟7种烟气有害成分释放量及其危害性指数的影响

为研究辅助材料设计参数对卷烟7种烟气有害成分(CO,HCN,NNK,NH3,B[a]P,苯酚和巴豆醛)释放量及其危害性指数的影响,考察了卷烟纸助燃剂含量、卷烟纸助燃剂类型、卷烟纸亚麻配比、卷烟纸定量、卷烟纸透气度、滤棒吸阻和滤嘴(不同透气度接装纸和成型纸组合制备)通风率对这7种有害成分及其危害性指数的单因素影响规律,建立了基于卷烟纸定量、卷烟纸透气度、成型纸透气度、接装纸透气度和滤棒吸阻的有害成分释放量预测模型,并对预测模型分别进行了外部验证。结果表明:①随着卷烟纸助燃剂含量、卷烟纸透气度、卷烟纸定量、滤棒吸阻和滤棒通风率的增大,大多数有害成分释放量及危害性指数呈下降趋势;随着卷烟纸亚麻配比和助燃剂钠钾比的增大,有害成分释放量及其危害性指数呈上升趋势。②辅材模型具有良好的预测能力,10个验证样品的7种烟气有害成分释放量预测值与测定值相对偏差均低于15%。③增加卷烟纸定量、滤棒吸阻或降低接装纸透气度,可降低单位焦油中HCN,NNK,NH3,B[a]P,苯酚和巴豆醛的释放量。     

卷烟纸特性对卷烟主流烟气中氨含量的影响

研究了卷烟纸透气度、定量、亚麻浆配比、助燃剂类型及含量对卷烟主流烟气中氨含量的影响。结果发现,卷烟纸助燃剂类型及含量和卷烟纸透气度对卷烟主流烟气中氨含量的影响具有显著的线性规律。提高卷烟纸透气度、卷烟纸助燃剂含量和钾盐的比例,均有利于降低卷烟主流烟气中氨的含量;卷烟纸定量和亚麻浆配比对卷烟主流烟气中氨含量的影响无显著的线性规律。     

优化卷烟纸降低中支卷烟燃烧锥落头倾向研究

本研究通过考察卷烟纸定量、透气度、助燃剂镁盐含量以及助燃剂中钾盐占比等对中支卷烟燃烧锥落头倾向的影响,并结合正交实验设计分析各参数对燃烧锥落头倾向的影响程度,最终选用针叶木与阔叶木纤维配比30∶70,碳酸钙含量为28%,柠檬酸钾、苹果酸钾和柠檬酸钠助燃剂复配,助燃剂钠钾比为1∶1.2、含量（柠檬酸根计）1.5%的设计方案进行优化,卷烟燃烧锥落头率从11.25%下降至3.75%。     

卷烟纸特性对卷烟主流烟气中氨含量的影响

福建中烟工业公司技术中心白雪平等人研究了卷烟纸透气度、定量、亚麻浆配比、助燃剂类型及含量对卷烟主流烟气中氨含量的影响。结果发现,卷烟纸助燃剂类型及含量和卷烟纸透气度对卷烟主流烟气中氨含量的影响具有显著的线性规律。提高卷烟纸透气度、卷烟纸助燃剂含量和钾盐的比例,均有利于降低卷烟主流烟气中氨的含量;     

卷烟纸参数对卷烟自由燃烧速率的影响

卷烟自由燃烧速率是卷烟燃烧特性的表观特征参数,实验考察了卷烟纸的原料组分、定量、透气度、灰分、宽度及助燃剂等参数对卷烟自由燃烧速率的影响,并分析了卷烟纸阴燃速率与卷烟自由燃烧速率间的关联性,结果表明:卷烟纸的定量、透气度、助燃剂含量以及助燃剂中钾盐和钠盐的比例是影响卷烟自由燃烧速率的主要卷烟纸参数,而卷烟纸浆料组分、灰分以及宽度对卷烟自由燃烧速率影响有限;卷烟纸阴燃速率仅反映卷烟纸自身的燃烧性,与卷烟自由燃烧速率无明显相关性。     

卷烟纸特性对短支卷烟主流烟气7种有害成分释放量及H值的影响

考察了不同卷烟纸透气度、定量、助燃剂含量、助燃剂钾/钠比及灰分对短支卷烟主流烟气7种有害成分释放量及卷烟危害性指数(H)值的影响。结果表明,对短支卷烟而言,卷烟纸透气度与CO、HCN、苯酚释放量呈显著的负相关关系,与巴豆醛释放量无明显相关性,其变化对HCN释放量的影响最大;卷烟纸定量与CO释放量呈显著正相关关系,与苯酚释放量呈显著负相关,其变化对苯酚释放量的影响最大;卷烟纸助燃剂含量和钾/钠比与7种有害成分释放量均呈负相关关系,其变化分别对苯并[α]芘和HCN释放量的影响最大;卷烟纸灰分与苯酚、CO、氨、苯并[α]芘、HCN均呈一定负相关关系,与巴豆醛和NNK无明显相关性,其变化对苯酚和CO释放量的影响较大;危害性指数H值与卷烟纸的透气度、助燃剂含量、助燃剂钾/钠比均呈显著的负相关关系,与卷烟纸定量及灰分呈一定的负相关关系。通过对卷烟纸特性参数的优化,有助于降低短支卷烟主流烟气7种有害成分释放量及危害指数。     

基于卷烟材料参数的细支烟烟气有害成分预测模型

为研究卷烟材料参数(滤嘴通风、滤棒压降、卷烟纸定量、卷烟纸透气度、卷烟纸助燃剂质量分数和卷烟纸助燃剂中钾钠比)对细支烟主流烟气焦油、7种有害成分、烟碱释放量及卷烟危害性指数(H)的影响,采用中心组合设计结合正交设计法制备了50个卷烟样品,利用线性回归和逐步回归法建立了基于卷烟材料参数的10个多因素预测模型,并根据统计学原理中交叉验证标准差(RMSECV)最小的原则筛选出最优预测模型。结果表明:10个模型的预测精度良好,平均预测相对偏差在3.11%~8.10%之间,且对不同卷烟材料参数具有良好的适用性。     

卷烟纸对降低卷烟主流烟气有害成分的影响研究

通过正交实验设计,研究卷烟纸透气度、定量、助燃剂含量和亚麻浆配比对卷烟主流烟气指标中焦油、烟碱、CO和水分的影响。实验研究表明,卷烟纸助燃剂含量对主流烟气指标影响最大,其次是卷烟纸透气度,再次是卷烟纸定量,而亚麻浆配比影响程度最低。通过试验研究,分别得出控制卷烟主流烟气指标焦油、烟碱、CO和水分的最佳卷烟纸设计组合。     

卷烟纸参数对短支卷烟主流烟气常规成分释放量及感官质量的影响

为考察卷烟纸参数对短支卷烟主流烟气常规指标及感官质量的影响,制备了不同卷烟纸透气度、定量、助燃剂用量、助燃剂钾/钠比及碳酸钙含量的短支卷烟,并进行了主流烟气常规成分释放量测定及感官质量评价。结果表明:①随着卷烟纸透气度的增加,常规成分释放量均呈降低趋势,感官质量呈下降趋势。②随着卷烟纸定量的增加,焦油和烟碱释放量降低,CO释放量升高,感官质量下降。③随卷烟纸助燃剂用量增加,常规成分释放量均降低,感官质量下降;随卷烟纸助燃剂钾/钠比增加,常规成分释放量均降低,感官质量提升。④随着卷烟纸碳酸钙含量的增加,焦油和CO释放量降低,烟碱释放量无明显变化,感官质量下降。通过优化设计相应的卷烟纸设计参数,有助于提升短支卷烟感官质量,降低焦油和CO释放量。     

卷烟纸参数对中支卷烟逐口通风率的影响

制备了不同卷烟纸透气度、定量、助燃剂钾钠比、麻浆含量、助燃剂含量及灰分含量的滤嘴无通风中支卷烟,对其逐口通风率进行测定。结果表明,卷烟纸透气度对中支卷烟静态通风率影响较大,呈正相关关系,麻浆含量和助燃剂钾钠比对卷烟纸通风率有一定影响,卷烟纸定量、助燃剂含量、灰分含量对卷烟纸通风率影响较小。中支卷烟第2口的通风率高于静态通风率,随着抽吸的进行,不同卷烟纸参数的卷烟,其逐口通风率递减5%左右。随着卷烟纸透气度的增大,抽吸时逐口间通风率相差值明显增大。     

Higher cigarette prices influence cigarette purchase patterns

Objective: To examine cigarette purchasing patterns of current smokers and to determine the effects of cigarette price on use of cheaper sources, discount/generic cigarettes, and coupons.

Background: Higher cigarette prices result in decreased cigarette consumption, but price sensitive smokers may seek lower priced or tax-free cigarette sources, especially if they are readily available. This price avoidance behaviour costs states excise tax money and dampens the health impact of higher cigarette prices.

Methods: Telephone survey data from 3602 US smokers who were originally in the COMMIT (community intervention trial for smoking cessation) study were analysed to assess cigarette purchase patterns, use of discount/generic cigarettes, and use of coupons.

Results: 59% reported engaging in a high price avoidance strategy, including 34% who regularly purchase from a low or untaxed venue, 28% who smoke a discount/generic cigarette brand, and 18% who report using cigarette coupons more frequently that they did five years ago. The report of engaging in a price avoidance strategy was associated with living within 40 miles of a state or Indian reservation with lower cigarette excise taxes, higher average cigarette consumption, white, non-Hispanic race/ethnicity, and female sex.

Conclusion: Data from this study indicate that most smokers are price sensitive and seek out measures to purchase less expensive cigarettes, which may decrease future cessation efforts.

     

卷烟机烟支重量控制系统分析

对目前卷烟机中常见的几种烟支重量控制系统进行了分析,指出了气-液重量控制装置和电子重量控制装置的局限性,说明了复合控制系统的特点及对提高卷烟重量控制精度和产品质量的作用.     

搭口胶施胶量对卷烟品质的影响

为了解不同牌号搭口胶的施胶量对卷烟品质的影响,在相同条件下试验了3种搭口胶的6个梯度施胶量。结果表明:试验条件下,卷烟搭口胶施胶量对卷烟感官质量有影响,当每千支烟施胶量大于1.5 mL时,随着施胶量的增大,卷烟感官质量变差,主要表现在刺激性增大,杂气和干燥感增加,干净程度变差。卷烟搭口胶施胶量对卷烟外观质量有影响,1#胶的每千支烟施胶量设定值为2.0mL时即出现爆口现象,达到3.5mL时有内溢胶现象;2#胶和3#胶每千支烟施胶量为1.0mL时易出现爆口现象,达到3.5mL时有内溢胶现象。结合卷烟内外在质量的评价结果,确定1#胶每千支烟最佳施胶量为2.5~3.0 mL,2#胶和3#胶为1.5~2.0mL。卷烟搭口胶施胶量对卷烟的物理质量、主流烟气成分及7种有害成分无明显影响。     

YJ19卷烟机烟支导板装置改进

针对YJ19卷烟机烟支导板装置处易造成烟支水渍污染和皱纹的问题,对烟支导板装置的结构进行改进,采用圆弧槽与吸风孔相结合的方法,将烟支封闭式输送改进为敞开式输送,并通过试验验证其效果。结果表明:烟支搭口不洁缺陷率从改进前的1.45%下降到0,皱纹烟支缺陷率从改进前的1.16%下降到0.30%,提高了烟支质量。     

Super9卷接机组烟支调头装置的改造及分析

采用锥轮调头装置对Super9卷接机组的烟支调头部分进行了改造,并对采用圆盘调头技术和锥轮调头技术的结构原理、工艺流程、烟支输送线速度差和调整要求等进行了对比分析,同时还对两种调头技术对烟支表面起皱、空头和废品消耗所造成的影响进行了统计分析.实际使用效果表明,采用锥轮调头装置可以减少表面起皱和空头卷烟数量,减少废烟单耗.     

Effects of cigarette tax on cigarette consumption and the Chinese economy

OBJECTIVES: To analyse a policy dilemma in China on public health versus the tobacco economy through additional cigarette tax. METHODS: Using published statistics from 1980 through 1997 to estimate the impact of tobacco production and consumption on government revenue and the entire economy. These estimates relied on the results of estimated price elasticities of the demand for cigarettes in China. RESULTS: Given the estimated price elasticities (-0.54), by introducing an additional 10% increase in cigarette tax per pack (from the current 40% to 50% tax rate), the central government tax revenue would twice exceed total losses in industry revenue, tobacco farmers' income, and local tax revenue. In addition, between 1.44 and 2.16 million lives would be saved by this tax increase. CONCLUSIONS: Additional taxation on cigarettes in China would be a desirable public policy for the Chinese government to consider.     

ZJ17卷烟机卷烟纸施胶系统的改进

为实现对卷烟纸均匀稳定施胶,对ZJ17卷烟机卷烟纸施胶系统进行改进设计,在其胶缸和喷胶嘴之间依次加装齿轮泵和质量流量计,并通过PLC控制器控制驱动齿轮泵的伺服电机,以及实现质量流量计的跟踪反馈。使用效果表明,改进后,同一机台卷烟机施胶量的标准偏差由原来的0.17mg/支降低到0.02 mg/支;不同机台施胶量由原来相差2.35 mg/支,降低到0.30 mg/支;卷烟感官质量稳定一致,改进设计的施胶系统具有很强的市场利用价值。     

Investigating cigarette affordability in 60 cities using the cigarette price-daily income ratio

Objective

To investigate cigarette affordability in 60 cities.

Methods

Affordability of cigarettes is defined as the ratio of the price of one pack of cigarettes to daily income (cigarette price‐daily income ratio: CPDIR). Daily income data were calculated using the mean of the seven occupations with the lowest daily wage, as listed in the 2006 Union Bank of Switzerland survey; cigarette prices in 2006 were sourced from the Economist Intelligence Unit.

Results

Cigarette affordability in most of the surveyed cities remains high. There is a tendency for cities with high income economies to have a high level of cigarette affordability. Most of the cities in Western Europe and South and North America have high cigarette affordability, whereas 66.7% of their counterparts in Eastern Europe have medium cigarette affordability. In Asia, all cities with high cigarette affordability belong to the group of upper middle to high income economies, except for the Philippines. In Africa, Johannesburg and Nairobi have high and medium levels of cigarette affordability, respectively.

Conclusion

Cigarette affordability for most of the sampled cities, especially those in high income economies, is high. There is room for increasing cigarette prices via tax increases. There is a risk that the increase in cigarette prices in newly emerging economies lags behind the high speed of economic growth being experiencing. Tax increases should be given high priority.