木糖醇月桂酸单酯的酶法制备工艺研究

研究了以木糖醇和月桂酸为原料,在固定化脂肪酶Novozym 435的催化下合成木糖醇月桂酸单酯。考察了酸醇摩尔比、脂肪酶添加量、溶剂添加量、分子筛添加量、反应时间、反应温度对反应的影响。结果表明:最佳反应条件为反应溶剂为叔丁醇、酸醇摩尔比1∶2、溶剂添加量20 m L/mmol(以月桂酸物质的量计)、脂肪酶添加量10 g/L、分子筛添加量80 g/L、反应温度85℃、反应时间4 h,在此条件下月桂酸转化率为91.8%。通过红外光谱和质谱进行结构鉴定,产物为木糖醇月桂酸单酯。     

酶催化合成大豆甾醇油酸酯的工艺研究

以大豆甾醇和油酸为原料,在酶的催化下合成大豆甾醇油酸酯,采用高效液相色谱对产物进行定性定量分析,通过单因素实验考察催化剂脂肪酶的种类和用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应温度和反应时间等对大豆甾醇油酸酯产率的影响,并通过正交实验优化大豆甾醇油酸酯的合成工艺条件。采用红外光谱对产物进行了表征。结果表明:大豆甾醇油酸酯的最佳合成工艺条件为催化剂N435脂肪酶用量6%(以大豆甾醇和油酸的总质量计)、醇酸摩尔比1∶1、反应温度50℃、反应时间30 h、异辛烷用量10 mL(大豆甾醇为1 mmol时),在最佳条件下大豆甾醇油酸酯产率为86. 51%;红外表征说明合成的产物为大豆甾醇油酸酯。     

无溶剂体系酶促酸解合成富含1，3-二硬脂酸-2-油酸甘油三酯的工艺研究

优化了无溶剂体系中固定化1,3-特异性脂肪酶催化高油酸葵花籽油与硬脂酸合成富含1,3-二硬脂酸-2-油酸甘油三酯(SOS)的合成工艺。以SOS体系含量为考察指标,考察了酶的种类、底物摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间的影响。确定无溶剂体系下SOS合成的最佳工艺条件为:特异性脂肪酶为NS40086,酶添加量12%(以底物总质量计),底物(高油酸葵花籽油与硬脂酸)摩尔比1∶12,反应时间4 h,反应温度70℃。在最佳工艺条件下反应产物中SOS含量为66.1%,SSO含量为7.1%,SOO含量为13.5%。     

固定化脂肪酶催化合成植物甾醇油酸酯的研究

以无纺布为固定化载体,以Candida rugosa脂肪酶为催化剂,催化植物甾醇与油酸酯化反应合成植物甾醇油酸酯。研究了反应温度、反应时间、底物摩尔比(油酸与植物甾醇摩尔比)、正己烷用量和酶用量对植物甾醇酯化率的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,经响应面实验优化反应条件。结果表明,植物甾醇油酸酯最佳合成条件为:反应温度50℃,反应时间18 h,底物摩尔比2∶1,正己烷用量1 mL,酶用量62.06 U/mg。在最佳条件下,植物甾醇酯化率可达98.36%。     

有机相脂肪酶催化合成肉桂酸肉桂酯的研究

肉桂酸肉桂酯是一种重要的花香型香精定香剂。本实验对有机相中脂肪酶催化合成肉桂酸肉桂酯进行研究,对酶催化条件进行了优化研究。实验结果表明:Candida anatarctic脂肪酶(Novozyme 435)有较好的催化活性。通过单因素实验考察各反应参数(反应溶剂、温度、底物摩尔比、底物浓度等)对脂肪酶Novozyme 435合成肉桂酸肉桂酯反应的影响,确定了反应最优工艺条件:在5 mL甲基叔丁基醚溶剂(分子筛脱水)体系中,肉桂醇100 mmol/L,n(肉桂醇):n(肉桂酸乙酯)=2:1,反应温度50℃,Novozyme 435脂肪酶添加量1%(质量体积比),反应36 h后反应转化率可达到55%,产物结构经气相质谱(GC/MS)鉴定。     

微波辅助植物甾醇油酸酯的酶促催化合成

以candida rugosa脂肪酶为催化剂,采用微波辅助酶法合成植物甾醇油酸酯的研究。通过单因素和正交试验考察反应时间、微波功率、催化剂用量、料液摩尔比4个因素对植物甾醇油酸酯酯化率的影响,优化得出植物甾醇油酸酯的最佳合成工艺条件:反应时间36 min,微波功率550 W,催化剂用量9%,料液摩尔比4∶1。在此工艺条件下合成产物的酯化率为75.26%,经分离纯化后的产物纯度可达到91.19%。气相色谱-质谱及红外光谱检测分析结果表明微波辅助酶法合成产物为甾醇油酸酯。     

有机相脂肪酶催化合成柠檬酸甘油酯

以脂肪酶为催化剂,在有机介质中合成柠檬酸甘油酯。对催化合成反应的脂肪酶和反应介质进行了筛选,最佳溶剂为叔丁醇,固定化于大孔丙烯酸树脂的Candida antarctica脂肪酶B(Novozym 435)的催化活性最好。同时对底物浓度、底物摩尔比、脂肪酶用量、吸水剂用量、反应温度和反应时间等条件进行了优化,确定最佳工艺参数为:酸浓度0.12mol/L,单甘酯和柠檬酸摩尔比2∶1,脂肪酶用量为质量分数8%,吸水剂用量0.12g/mL,50℃反应48h,柠檬酸转化率可达70.97%。经电喷雾质谱和红外光谱分析,反应产物主要是α-柠檬酸单硬脂酸甘油酯。     

响应面法优化L-抗坏血酸油酸酯合成及性能研究

针对目前市场上L-抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯种类单一、L-抗坏血酸饱和脂肪酸酯在油脂中溶解的不完全性等问题,探究高脂溶性L-抗坏血酸不饱和脂肪酸酯的合成方法尤为重要。本文以叔戊醇为溶剂,利用单因素和响应面法优化L-抗坏血酸油酸酯(L-AO)的合成工艺,对分离提纯后的L-AO进行结构表征,然后考察其脂溶性和在油脂中的抗氧化效果,并与L-抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯(L-AP)、叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)和2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)进行比较。结果表明,在最佳工艺条件即L-抗坏血酸(L-A)与油酸摩尔比3.67∶1,反应温度50.98℃,脂肪酶添加量为5.13%,反应时间24 h,分子筛添加量为60 mg/m L,产品得率为53.29%。核磁表征结果证实油酸和L-抗坏血酸发生酯化反应生成L-抗坏血酸-6-油酸酯。其脂溶性高于L-AP,在油脂中的抗氧化效果依次为L-AOTBHQL-APBHT。因此,L-抗坏血酸油酸酯是一种脂溶性良好的新型抗氧化剂,可尝试应用于油脂及油基食品的生产。     

离子液体-甲苯溶剂体系中酶催化合成阿魏酰丁酸酯

以三丁酸甘油酯和阿魏酸乙酯为原料,采用酶催化方法合成阿魏酰丁酸酯,通过单因素实验和正交实验研究溶剂体系、脂肪酶种类、溶剂配比、底物(三丁酸甘油酯与阿魏酸乙酯)摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间对阿魏酰丁酸酯转化率的影响,优化反应条件。结果表明:合成阿魏酰丁酸酯的最佳反应条件为脂肪酶Novozym 435为催化剂,酶添加量50 mg/m L,[EMIM][TF2N]-甲苯溶剂体系,[EMIM][TF2N]与甲苯质量体积比1∶1,反应温度50℃,底物摩尔比3∶1,反应时间6 d。在最佳反应条件下,阿魏酰丁酸酯转化率达76.24%。     

α-生育酚油酸酯的合成及结构表征

以α-生育酚和油酸为原料,三乙胺为催化剂,二氯甲烷为溶剂,氮气保护,催化剂用量5%(以α-生育酚计)、原料配比2.5:1(油酸酰氯与α-生育酚的摩尔比)、反应温度45℃、反应时间5h,合成了α-生育酚油酸酯,经减压蒸馏产率达96%以上.运用紫外光谱、红外光谱、质谱、1H-NMR和13C-NMR表征了合成产物的结构.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.