活性染料高固色、高提升和高牢度染色技术

随着活性染料应用愈来愈普遍,特别是大多数深浓色产品也主要用活性染料染色后,其固色率低、提升性和色牢度差的问题显得更为突出,对高固色、高提升和高色牢度,即所谓"三高"染色技术要求愈来愈迫切.较深入地分析了开发"三高"染色技术的措施和途径,并较系统介绍了"三高"染色技术的进展,包括改进活性染料分子结构组装,染色过程中改变或控制染料分子基团,以及开发"三高"染色助剂,重点分析了目前关注的纤维阳离子化后,活性染料染色的"三高"染色出现的问题,提出了改善"三高"染色的有效措施,对开发新型活性染料、新型染色助剂和新染色工艺有较好的参考价值.     

活性染料生态染色技术进展(三)

2.2 活性染料"三高"染色技术进展 目前,活性染料"三高"染色已有一定进展,染料厂商开发了一批适合"三高"染色的染料,助剂生产公司开发了提高"二高"染色效果的助剂,染色工作者也开发了纤维改性或前处理、染色和染后处理等新工艺.不过,目前仍未获得满意的效果.下文将简要介绍最近的一些进展或动态.     

活性染料低(无)盐染色的发展

活性染料因其优异的染色性能得以广泛应用,但染色过程中为提高染料上染率及固色率使用大量无机盐带来了环境污染.本文从低盐活性染料、纤维素纤维的改性及无盐染色助剂开发等3个方面概要的阐述了低盐染色技术的研究进展,并从湿短蒸工艺、无盐轧蒸连续工艺和冷轧堆工艺分析了活性染料的低(无)盐的染色工艺发展.     

活性染料染色实现节能减排的两种途径

针对目前棉针织物活性染料染色工艺在前处理和染色工序中存在的重现性差、修色率高、工艺时间长、能耗高、污染大等问题,文中结合实际生产经验对染色和前处理工艺中易出现问题的环节进行了介绍,并提出了具有针对性的改进方法,同时对新助剂、新工艺在前处理和染色工艺中的实际应用进行了介绍,并与传统工艺进行了成本对比,指出了通过提高染色一次成功率降低染色成本和采用新助剂、新技术、实施短流程工艺是实现节能减排的两种途径。     

活性染料染色近年进展

论文简要综述了活性染料染色近年的进展，特别是关于低盐染色、受控染色、中性固色、深色染色、坚牢染色以及新纤维和非纤维素纤维染色方面的进展，并从染料结构、染色工艺和染色助剂等因素作了分析，指出了实现上述新的染色的途径。     

棉针织物活性染料染色工艺探讨

本文较为具体地论述了棉针织物活性染料染色工艺要点。认为坯布的前处理质量、染料的选择、工艺参数的确定是影响染料质量的关键。文章还对一些助剂的选用、染色质量的控制以及活性染料的应用发展方向作了必要的探讨。     

棉纤维活性染料无盐染色理论研究进展

讨论了无机盐在染色过程中的作用机理,在此基础上分析了低盐活性染料、纤维素纤维阳离子改性以及无盐染色助剂的染色机理。     

纯棉针织物的活性染料"一次准"染色工艺探讨

为实现活性染料对纯棉针织物“一次准”染色，在前处理、染色工艺方面进行改进。前处理采用非烧碱氧漂特效助剂＋双氧水；染色前采用脱氧酶去除织物上残留的双氧水，减少漂后水洗次数，缩短工艺流程；改进传统染色升温、加料方法。详细论述了生产中各个工序的技术管理要求，加强对染化料助剂库、化验室和染色等工序的严格管理，是实施染色“一次准”的基础。     

浅谈生态染色新技术

从生态角度介绍近年来一些新的染色新技术。着重介绍了超声波染色技术、短流程染色技术、节水染色技术（合理利用水,重复利用水,无水和非水染色）、超临界二氧化碳流体染色技术和仿生染色等染色新技术。     

活性染料无盐染色技术研发成功

大连理工大学的科研人员经过长期努力，日前开发成功活性染料无盐染色方法与无盐染色助剂制备技术。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.