鄱阳湖流域1961—2010年极端降水变化分析

基于鄱阳湖流域14个国家气象站1961—2010年的日降水量数据,采用百分位法定义阈值,识别极端降水事件;采用线性回归方法进行趋势检验,进而对鄱阳湖流域1961—2010年极端降水的时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明,相比年降水,流域极端降水的变化趋势更为明显;1961—2010年鄱阳湖流域极端强降水强度呈显著增大趋势而极端强降水天数显著减小;极端降水强度增大的区域主要分布在赣江流域和抚河流域。1961—2010年鄱阳湖流域大部分站点极端降水不存在突变,降水在时间上有分布更加集中的趋势。鄱阳湖流域极端降水的上述变化,对流域水资源管理提出了更加严峻的挑战。     

鄱阳湖水文情势演变原因及对策

由于气候变化以及人类活动的影响,鄱阳湖水文情势发生了一定程度的变化,需定量评估不同驱动因子对鄱阳湖水情演变的影响。采用一系列水文指标表征鄱阳湖水文情势,构建BP神经网络模型模拟鄱阳湖水位,通过情境对比分析长江干流流量、鄱阳湖子流域入湖流量以及地形变化对各水文指标变化的贡献率。结果表明:长江干流流量是鄱阳湖7—10月份月平均水位降低的主要驱动因子,贡献率为52%～67%,对年最高极值水位的拉低效应明显,对年最低极值水位起到一定的抬高作用;地形是鄱阳湖12月—翌年3月月平均水位下降的主要驱动因子,贡献率为92%～185%,对年最低极值水位的拉低效应明显。最后对鄱阳湖水资源管理和调控提出一些建议:优化三峡水库运行调度,根据实际情况将三峡水库汛末蓄水时间适当提前;加强鄱阳湖子流域水利工程建设,在三峡蓄水期间增加五河泄流;规范采砂。     

基于最小二乘法的鄱阳湖水位流量关系研究

为了进一步揭示鄱阳湖与长江及其流域来水之间的"江河湖"关系,选取鄱阳湖湖口水文站作为研究对象,以三峡工程的蓄水时间(2003)为分界点,应用最小二乘法对其1978-2007年的水文数据序列(逐月平均水位与月平均流量)进行线性、多项式(三次曲线)拟合及其对数拟合,根据建立拟合曲线的判断系数R2大小选出最优的鄱阳湖水位流量关系拟合曲线,并对影响3种曲线拟合精度的影响因素进行探讨,最后对湖口水文站年均水位及年平均流量变化趋势进行分析。研究结果表明:2003年前后,鄱阳湖湖口水文站水位流量关系拟合曲线均以三次曲线拟合精度为最高,以对数拟合精度为最低;湖口水文站历年年均水位呈现下降趋势,而年平均流量则呈现上升趋势,年均水位和年平均流量最大值均出现在1998年,最小值则分别出现在2006和1979年。研究结果能够为鄱阳湖湖区水资源合理利用与水环境安全保护提供一定的参考依据。     

近60年来长江对鄱阳湖倒灌水量的变化特征

鄱阳湖是长江中下游典型的通江湖泊,其出流特征及水位涨落同时受五河及长江来水的双重影响,进而形成较为复杂的江湖水文情势关系。为研究长江对鄱阳湖作用的变化规律,依据鄱阳湖五河以及出湖控制水文站1956—2016年水文数据,探讨长江对鄱阳湖倒灌水量的变化规律。研究结果表明:鄱阳湖五河七口控制站2003—2016年年平均径流量相比1956—2002年有所降低。鄱阳湖倒灌水量、倒灌天数均与汉口站来水和鄱阳湖入湖水量之差呈较好的正相关关系。2003年后,三峡水库的蓄水或放水在一定程度上影响了江湖作用的季节变化和鄱阳湖流域的旱涝机遇,一定程度上减少了长江对鄱阳湖的倒灌频次。通过对倒灌水量和倒灌天数的分析可知,在1960年代、1980年代和21世纪初,长江上中游来水对鄱阳湖的作用相对强烈;而在1970年代、1990年代和2010年以后,长江上中游来水对鄱阳湖作用较弱。研究成果对于认识变化条件下长江与鄱阳湖江湖关系变化规律具有重要意义。     

Detection of Streamflow Change in the Susquehanna River Basin

Streamflow statistics are commonly used for purposes of planning and managing water resources in the Susquehanna River Basin. For accurately estimating streamflow statistics, it is important to identify whether there are increasing or decreasing changes during the period of records and whether the change is gradual or abrupt. This study employs repeated monotonic trend tests with varying beginning and ending time for detecting changes in streamflow in tributaries within the Susquehanna River Basin. The method is employed to analyze long-term streamflow trends and detect change for annual minimum, median, and maximum daily streamflow for eight unregulated watersheds within the basin. Monthly baseflow and storm runoff are investigated. The results show a considerable increase in annual minimum flow for most of the examined watersheds and a noticeable increase in annual median flow for about half of the examined watersheds. Both these streamflow increases were abrupt, with only a few years of transition centered around 1970. The abrupt change in annual minimum and median flows appears to occur in the summer and fall seasons. The abrupt change in annual minimum and median flows is due to increased flows in the summer and fall seasons. The results also indicate there is no long-term significant increasing or decreasing change in annual maximum flow in the examined watersheds.     

Regional flood frequency analysis in the central‐western river basins of Argentina

Knowing the probability of occurrence of a flood event is an important issue for water resources planning. At‐site probability models require a long extension of hydrological data for robust estimation of low‐frequency events. As the mean record length of 25 gauge stations in western river basins of Argentina is 49 years (until 2010), regional models are an interesting tool to determine mountain rivers system dynamics. This study aims to estimate low‐frequency quantiles of annual maximum flow in Argentinean western river basins (28°S–37°S) applying regional frequency analysis based on the L‐moments method. Besides, mean annual maximum flow of 75 gauge stations (22°S–52°S) was analysed. First, an exploratory data analysis was performed; normality, independence, and randomness were accepted in the 27%, 87%, and 91% of cases, respectively. Increasing trends in annual maximum flows in the north‐western and central‐western rivers of Argentina were detected, whereas decreasing trends in annual maximum flow in the Patagonian Andes were identified. Base on at‐site characteristics and at‐site statistics, a homogeneous region of 12 stations with a record period of 568 years was formed. General extreme value was the most appropriate distribution for this homogeneous study region. Estimation accuracy using Monte Carlo simulations was performed. The error bounds were set at 90%, the mean square error was 9.23%, and the relative bias was 1.6%. The regional method performed better than the at‐site estimation.     

洞庭湖流域极端降水变化特征分析

随着极端降水事件变率增强,洞庭湖流域频繁的极端洪旱事件严重威胁了地区人水和谐。基于洞庭湖流域28个国家气象站1961-2015年的逐日降水资料,采用RClim Dex模型定义阈值来识别极端降水事件,利用线性倾向估计法和集合经验模态分解(EEMD)组合的方法进一步分析了洞庭湖流域极端降水变化特征,由EEMD方法分解得到的各类极端降水指数的3个固有模态函数分量分别表现出3~6a、8~15a和21~27a的准周期。结果表明:洞庭湖流域极端降水频次峰值出现在6月,4-10月份极端降水频次之和占全年的82.7%,南岳和安化为极端降水高发带。洞庭湖流域除持续湿润日数CWD略有减小外,各项极端降水指数均表现出小幅上升趋势。在空间分布上,该流域东南部受山区地形地貌的影响,极端降水呈明显上升趋势。洞庭湖流域极端降水时空格局变化特征分析对流域水资源开发利用和水安全预警具有重要参考价值。     

三峡枢纽运用后鄱阳湖的水位变化特性分析

为了探究三峡水库运用前后鄱阳湖水位的变化特性,分析了湖口、星子、都昌、棠荫和康山5个水文站1964-2016年的水文资料。研究结果表明:除湖口站的年最低水位为显著增大的变化趋势外,其余4站的年最高水位、年最低水位及年平均水位以及湖口站年最高水位和年平均水位均为下降的变化趋势;鄱阳湖枯水期10月份水位变幅最大,从10月至次年3月枯水水位变幅递减,除湖口站外,其余4站3月水位变幅最小;枯水期鄱阳湖区的水位变化幅度呈北高南低的状态,12月至次年3月,星子站的月均水位变化幅度小于都昌站的月均水位变化幅度,枯季湖口水位较建库前有所抬高;鄱阳湖枯水时间延长,平均延长了41 d,枯水出现时间呈波动提前的趋势。     

Streamflow Trends and Climate Variability Impacts in Poyang Lake Basin, China

Under the background of global warming, does the effect of the rising global surface temperature accelerate the hydrological cycle? To address this issue, we use the hydro-climatic data from five sub-basins in Poyang Lake basin in the southeast China over the past 50 years, to investigate the annual and seasonal trends of streamflow and the correlations between streamflow and climatic variables. The Theil–Sen Approach and the non-parametric Mann–Kendall test are applied to identify the trends in the annual and seasonal streamflow, precipitation and evapotranspiration series. It was found that annual and seasonal streamflow of all the stations had increasing trends except Lijiadu station in wet season. Only 37.5% hydro-stations in annual streamflow increased significantly, while most stations increased at 95% significance level in dry season. Trends in annual and seasonal precipitation during the whole period were generally not as significant as those in evapotranspiration. The correlations between streamflow and climate variables (precipitation and evapotranspiration) were detected by the Pearson’s test. The results showed that streamflow in the Poyang Lake basin are more sensitive to changes in precipitation than potential evapotranspiration.     

Changes in High- and Low-Flow Regimes: a Diagnostic Analysis of Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific

This study aims to determine the characteristics of hydrological behaviors in the basins of the representative multipurpose dams in the Korean Peninsula that depend on typhoon conditions for sustainable water management and restoration of the water ecosystem. Based on the annual maximum flow and seven-day low-flow results, trend analyses were conducted on hydrological changes, such as magnitude, timing, duration, and frequency of the extreme flows. Among the eight selected multipurpose dams in South Korea, the Chungju and Soyang dams have been subject to dramatic reduction of inflow during the spring and early summer. The Sumjin Dam was indicated the most sensitive to the severity and magnitude of typhoons and it showed a statistically significant increase in the frequency and duration of peak inflows resulting from such typhoons. As regards low flow, the Chungju and Andong dams showed a distinct reduction in this flow in the winter, but the changes resulting from typhoons were relatively subtle. This diagnostic study is expected to provide foundational data to examine the causalities related to the streamflow patterns of Korean basins. In addition, the study could aid in establishing basin-customized mid- and long-term measures for supplying of water resources in the environmental system and for managing the effects of natural disasters by analyzing various hydrological changes related to extreme events.     

基于水文分割法的鄱阳湖入湖非点源污染研究

为研究鄱阳湖流域非点源污染情况,选取鄱阳湖入湖主要河流为研究对象,利用各河流入湖控制站对流域径流量及水质进行同步监测,借鉴水文分割法的原理,应用非点源污染负荷估算公式,探求径流氮、磷负荷入湖规律。结果表明：2008年赣江、抚河、信江、饶河、修水等五河及博阳河、西河入湖氨氮和总磷的污染负荷(溶解态)为入湖非点源污染物的主要来源,占总入湖负荷的68%～76％;在空间分布上,入湖五河中赣江对入湖非点源污染负荷的贡献占绝对优势。根据分析结果,鄱阳湖的水污染治理应主要针对非点源污染,且重点在赣江流域。     

太湖流域湖西区暴雨时空分布特性分析

全球气候变暖和快速城市化进程影响降水结构,导致极端水文气象事件频发。为研究变化环境下太湖流域湖西区暴雨时空分布特性,选取1961—2015年湖西区多个雨量站的降水资料,分析了暴雨指标（年暴雨日数、年暴雨量、年暴雨强度、年暴雨贡献率）变化特征,并计算出给定重现期下的年最大日降水量值。结果表明,湖西区年降水量自北往南逐渐增加,年暴雨日数和年暴雨量均呈现中部较低、南北两侧较高的分布,年暴雨强度自西南往东北先增大后减小,年暴雨贡献率在西南地区偏小;湖西区宜兴站近55年年暴雨日数、年暴雨量、年暴雨贡献率呈显著上升趋势;自2005年起湖西区各暴雨指标表现出显著上升趋势;金坛站和丹阳站年均最大一日降水量高于溧阳站和宜兴站,并且各雨量站5年一遇的年最大日降水量均超过了100 mm,达到了大暴雨水平,其中金坛站和丹阳站较易发生极端降水事件。     

Decadal Analysis of River Flow Extremes Using Quantile-Based Approaches

Next to the traditional analysis of trends in time series of hydro-climatological variables, analysis of decadal oscillations in these variables is of particular importance for the risk assessment of hydro-climatological disasters and risk-based decision-making. Conventional parametric and nonparametric tests, however, need implementing a set of background assumptions related to serial structure and statistical distribution of data. They neither focus on the extreme events and their probability of occurrence. In order to get rid of these limitations, we suggest a modified version of the Sen Method (SM), combined with the Quantile Perturbation Method (QPM) for examining temporal variation of extreme hydrological events. The developed method is tested for decadal analysis of monthly and annual river flows at 10 hydrometric stations in the Qazvin plain in Iran. The results show oscillatory patterns in extreme river flow quantiles, with a positive anomaly during the 1990s and a negative one during the 2000s. It is also shown that the concurrent use of the two methods allows to set a complete picture on the temporal changes in high and low extremes in historical river flow observations in different seasons.     

Modifiers and Amplifiers of High and low Flows on the Ping River in Northern Thailand (1921–2009): The Roles of Climatic Events and Anthropogenic Activity

We analyse an 89-year streamflow record (1921?C2009) from the Upper Ping River in northern Thailand to determine if anomalous flows have increased over time (Trenberth, Clim Res 47:123?C138, 1999; Trenberth, Clim Chang 42:327?C339, 2011). We also relate the temporal behavior of high and low flows to climatic phenomena and anthropogenic activities. Peak flows have not increased significantly since 1921. However, minimum flows showed a very significant downward trend over the study period (???=?0.01). Annual and wet season discharge show significant downward trends (???=?0.05). All flow variables appear to be more variable now than 90?years ago especially annual peak flows. Both annual peak and minimum flows are correlated with annual and wet season rainfall totals. Minimum flow is also sensitive to the length of the monsoon season and number of rainy days in the previous monsoon season. Peak flow activity is driven predominantly by climate phenomena, such as tropical storm activity and monsoon anomalies, but the relationship between peak flows and ENSO phenomena is unclear. In general, annual discharge variables did not correspond unequivocally with El Nin? or La Nin? events. Minimum flows show a major decline from the mid-1950s in line with major anthropogenic changes in the catchment. The plausible intensification of the hydrological cycle that may accompany global warming is of concern because of the potential to affect tropical storm activity and monsoon anomalies, phenomena that are linked with very high flows in this river system. The obvious effect of human activities such as reservoir management on low flows calls for careful management to prevent droughts in the future.     

基于IHA-RAV法的长江源区生态水文情势变化

为评估长江源区河流水文情势变化及其生态效应,选用长江源区直门达水文站1957—2021年逐日流量资料,使用贝叶斯变点检验方法分析直门达水文站年平均流量突变发生时间,采用水文改变指标变化范围法(IHA-RVA)综合评价直门达水文站在突变点前后改变程度,使用趋势坡度、Kendall趋势检验以及去趋势波动分析法评价月均流量、年极值流量时间序列变化情况。结果表明：(1)长江源区直门达水文站年平均流量在2004年发生变异。(2)2004年前后直门达水文站水文综合改变度为37.2%,属于中度改变。(3)月均流量综合为中度改变,各月流量均有不同程度的增加,增大了河道内水生生物栖息所需水量。(4)流量极值综合改变度为低度改变,表明极端流量事件处于一个稳定的范围,在一定程度上维持了长江源区生态系统的稳定性;最小流量的增加更好地保障了流域生态流量。(5)极端值出现时间为低改变度,对水生生物栖息地以及鱼类洄游影响较小。(6)高、低流量脉冲频次均为低度改变,反映出长江源区干旱和洪涝发生次数减少,使得长江源区河道、河滩的受水情况趋于稳定;高、低脉冲历时变化又给源区河道及沿岸生态环境带来不确定的影响。(7)流量上...     

鄱阳湖流域气候变化和人类活动对入湖水沙的影响

近些年鄱阳湖湖区季节性干枯问题频繁出现,有必要对鄱阳湖入湖水沙变化进行进一步研究。利用鄱阳湖流域"五河"基本水文站1961～2016年实测的水沙及流域降雨量资料,通过线性趋势、双累积曲线、经验统计法和统计系列对比法研究鄱阳湖入湖水沙演变过程及影响因素。结果表明:鄱阳湖流域降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量、降雨侵蚀力年际变化均呈不显著的上升趋势(P0.05)。入湖径流量年际变化趋势不显著,而入湖输沙量呈极显著的下降趋势(P0.01),且存在1985年和2000年两个突变点。影响入湖径流量和输沙量的关键降雨指标为年降雨量和降雨侵蚀力。以1961～1984年为基准期,1985～1999年经验统计法和系列对比法计算的水利水保工程减沙效应分别为41.8%和33.4%,在2000～2016年分别为70.6%和66.8%,水库拦沙是入湖输沙量减少的主要原因。     

变化环境下雅砻江流域水文极值演变及不确定性分析

为了探讨环境变化前后雅砻江流域的水文极值演变特征及不确定性,以雅砻江流域雅江水文站和洼里水文站为代表站,基于年极大值和超门限阈值样本,结合序列变异理论、多种极值统计模型(GEV、GPD、P-III)和轮廓似然函数参数估计及不确定性分析方法,分析了变化环境下雅砻江水文极值序列演变特征。结果表明:受气候变化和人类活动的影响,雅江水文站和洼里水文站环境变化前后的最优分布线型由P-III型分布转变为GEV分布。环境变化后的水文极值序列相应设计流量增大,重现期变小。设计值估算中,重现期越长,相应设计流量的不确定性也越大,其中参数的不确定性对于设计值的影响最为显著,但极值选样及分布函数的不确定性也不容忽视。轮廓似然函数法的使用可有效降低设计值不确定性,基于极值理论与轮廓似然函数估计法进行变化环境下水文极值演变分析可提高设计值的可靠性。研究成果可为雅砻江流域水库设计管理及防洪规划等提供参考。     

金沙江流域极端强降水分布拟合

极端降水的统计分布研究是当前国内外极端水文事件研究的前沿方向之一。根据金沙江流域45个气象站的长系列日降水资料,采用年极大值抽样方法建立了不同统计时段(最大1 d、最大3 d、最大7 d等)的降水极值系列,通过比选11种常见的概率分布函数确定了金沙江流域极端强降水的最优分布。对基于站点与面暴雨的2套极端强降水序列的频率分析表明,韦克比分布是拟合金沙江流域极端强降水发生概率的最优分布形式。     

变化环境下通江湖泊江水倒灌年内分配变化规律研究

长江中下游的通江湖泊具有调蓄洪水和涵养水源等重要作用,针对目前通江湖泊分析中将三峡工程作为节点又缺乏支撑性分析的情况,以及对变化环境下江水倒灌年内分配变化规律研究较少的问题,以鄱阳湖为研究对象,采用水文变异诊断系统对鄱阳湖湖口站水位进行变异诊断,并以诊断结果为依据对湖口站实测倒灌序列进行变异前后年内分配变化规律研究。结果显示:变异后汛期鄱阳湖江水倒灌的流量均值上升,但月平均倒灌天数减少,倒灌水量呈减少的态势,且倒灌流量的极值有较大幅度降低,有利于鄱阳湖的防洪安全;非汛期江水倒灌的流量均值、平均天数、流量极值比变异前总体大幅度下降,对于鄱阳湖枯期水位会有较大的影响。研究结果对变化环境下通江湖泊的水情分析具有一定的参考作用。     

The Application of Mixture Distribution for the Estimation of Extreme Floods in Controlled Catchment Basins

In the estimation of distribution of annual maximum flows it is a generally accepted assumption that the sequence of observations originates from a homogeneous population. This assumption, however, is rarely met. The observed annual maximum flow are only in part generated by flood events. The remaining ones are the result of the effect of other hydrological processes that do not have that character. For this reason, a new solution to this problem is proposed in the paper. It is assumed that the sought distribution is a mixture of two probability distributions: a three-parameter GEV distribution, describing flows generated by events with flood character, and a two-parameter gamma distribution, accounting for maximum annual flows that do not have such a character. The paper presents both the method of estimation of the mixture distribution and its application for gauging stations selected so as to take into account possible the most diverse conditions of meteorological, hydrological and geomorphological character. The area with such a high diversification, selected for the study, is the catchment basin of upper and central river Odra (South-West Poland). In the studied water gauge profiles the proposed mixture distribution indicates correct fit. Its advantages and limitations are presented through a comparative analysis with results obtained during estimation of distributions of maximum annual flows by means of standard methods.