鱼骨粉添加量对鮰鱼鱼肉火腿肠色度、质构及感官特性的影响

研究添加鱼骨粉对鮰鱼鱼肉火腿肠品质的影响。采用梯度添加鱼骨粉的方法制作鱼肉火腿肠,并对其色度和质构进行测定,同时进行感官评定。结果表明：鱼骨粉添加量为2%时,白度值下降显著(P＜0.05) ;鱼肉火腿肠的硬度、咀嚼性随着鱼骨粉添加量的增多而增大,弹性变小;当添加量为2.5%时,鱼肉火腿肠的硬度、咀嚼度和弹性变化趋势极显著(P＜0.01),但黏聚性变化不明显;随着鱼骨粉添加量的增加,鱼肉火腿肠切面较粗糙,咀嚼时颗粒感较强,当鱼骨粉添加量为3%时鱼肉火腿肠总体可接受度较差。综合考虑,鱼骨粉添加量为1.5%时,鱼肉火腿肠色度和质构较好,感官总体可接受度高。     

Utilization of adzuki bean extract as a natural antioxidant in cured and uncured cooked pork sausages

A commercial adzuki bean extract (AE) was evaluated for antioxidant effectiveness in cured and uncured cooked pork sausages. TBARS values, instrumental color evaluation and sensory panel scores were assessed. For uncured sausages, AE at 0.2% was equally effective as 0.1% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in reducing TBARS values. Similarly, AE at 0.2% significantly (P<0.01) reduced the TBARS in cured sausages. Incorporation of 0.2% AE into sausages produced higher (P<0.05) CIE lab color a* value and lower (P<0.05) L* and b* values. Sensory panels did not detect any difference in color, odor, taste, flavor, and overall acceptance in uncured pork sausages with addition of 0.2% AE. However, there were adverse changes in the color and odor of cured sausages, even though the taste, flavor, and overall acceptance were similar. Therefore, the results suggest that AE is a potential antioxidant.     

Development and evaluation of a cabrito smoked sausage product

In order for the meat goat producer to survive, new avenues for marketing goats must be created. Currently, the live animal is sold directly to consumers, or to brokers who in turn sell the animal directly to consumers or retail stores that cater to various ethnic groups. The production of value-added products with appeal to North American consumers, as well as current ethnic consumers, should result in increased profitability of the meat goat. The objectives of this study were to develop a value added product, cabrito smoked sausage, using goat meat as the sole meat ingredient; evaluate soy protein concentrate (SPC) at various levels in an effort to reduce product cost; determine consumer acceptability; and conduct a cost analysis to determine the approximate market price for the product. Three fermented cabrito smoked sausage products were manufactured containing 0, 1.75 or 3.50% SPC and stored at 2±1°C until evaluated. The sausages were evaluated for sensory characteristics, proximate analysis, pH, water activity and smokehouse yields. Trained panelists detected no significant flavor differences (P > 0.05) between the products. As a result of these findings, sausages formulated with 0 and 3.50% SPC were compared in a consumer sensory evaluation. Consumer panelists detected no significant differences (P > 0.05) in flavor, texture and overall acceptance between the snack sticks. Approximately 65% of the panelists commented that they would purchase the value added products. Proximates, pH, water activity and smokehouse yields were similar (P > 0.05) for the sausages formulated with 0 and 3.50% SPC. The addition of SPC resulted in an 8.79% reduction in the price of the 3.50% SPC formulation when compared to the sausage formulated with no SPC.     

Consumer attitude towards sodium reduction in meat products and acceptability of fermented sausages with reduced sodium content

Lowering salt content in meat products is possible from a technological and sensorial point of view, although little information is available about the consumers' attitude and acceptance of these products. Attitude towards low salt meat products, following the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) proposed by Ajzen, was evaluated by 392 consumers. Acceptability of small calibre fermented sausages with 50% molar substitution of NaCl by six different mixtures of KCl (0-50%) and K-lactate (0-50%) and the control (22g NaCl/kg) was determined by 98 consumers. The preference of the previous best two treatments was compared to the batch control by 279 consumers. In general consumers had a positive attitude towards low salt meat products, being higher for women than for men. Women showed stronger ideas and higher Perceived Control on the Behaviour towards reduced sodium meat products than men. Smokers showed lower intense beliefs than non-smokers. Consumers with a basic level of education were more affected by what other people important for them thought they should do. The final model obtained using the Theory of Planned Behaviour showed a good predictive capacity (R(2)=0.60) and a good internal consistency. Regarding the acceptability study, batches with substitution levels of 50% and 40% by K-lactate, showed lower overall acceptance than the control batch. Significant differences in acceptability were found regarding the gender and place of residence of the consumers. The preference study showed no differences between the batch control and batches with 50% KCl and 40% KCl + 10% of K-lactate substitution levels. According to these results and from a sensorial point of view, it is possible to reduce NaCl content in small calibre fermented sausages by 50% and obtain a product acceptable for consumers.     

腌腊肉制品中乳酸菌的筛选鉴定及其在腊肠中的应用

为筛选适合传统腌腊肉制品的优良乳酸菌菌株,从多种农家自制传统腌腊肉制品中分离纯化出9株优势乳酸菌。通过发酵特性筛选,得到一株性状优良菌株10M-7,并制备该菌株的干粉发酵剂,以未接种发酵剂腊肠为对照,分析此发酵剂对腊肠感官品质和微生物变化的影响。结果表明,10M-7菌株具有良好的产酸特性和抑菌性能。根据形态学、生理生化特征和16S rRNA序列分析,鉴定其为植物乳杆菌,采用冷冻干燥法制备纯种发酵剂,并制作人工发酵腊肠。发酵剂组pH值在初期便迅速下降,且始终低于对照组;发酵剂组乳酸菌迅速生长繁殖,且葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌数量与对照组相比明显降低。感官评价表明,当添加量为10~4CFU/g原料肉时,能够很好地保持和改善产品风味,使产品整体感觉更好。     

Porcine plasma as polyphosphate and caseinate replacer in frankfurters

The aim was to replace polyphosphate and caseinate by porcine blood plasma as functional ingredients in frankfurters. Three trials, each consisting of one control, formulated with caseinate and tripolyphosphate, and one test, formulated with plasma, were carried out in a pilot plant. The frankfurters with plasma were compared to their respective controls by determining the composition, water holding capacity, cooking losses, internal colour, texture, microstructure, sensorial characteristics, and overall acceptance. No significant differences were found in proximate analysis, WHC, and cooking losses. Texture was not affected by the replacement, according to both sensorial and instrumental measurements. Nevertheless, the panellists detected the presence of animal taste and odour in plasma-containing sausages. Despite this, their overall acceptance was scored as 6.3 in a 10 maximum scale, so plasma could be considered as an interesting alternative to produce healthier and cheaper frankfurters.     

Effect of soy sauce type on the quality characteristics of emulsion sausages

The emulsion sausages were prepared with industrially brewed soy sauce at levels of 0, 1, 3, and 5%, and were additionally prepared with two further types of soy sauce (mixed and Korean traditional soy sauces) at a concentration of 1%. Soy sauce increased the satisfaction for flavor and saltiness of emulsion sausages. Addition of 1% soy sauce improved the overall acceptance without adverse effect on physicochemical and textural properties. From the results of electronic nose analysis, soy sauce results in an increased peak intensity of the emulsion sausages. In principal component analysis, clusters of emulsion sausages formulated with Korea traditional soy sauce and industrially brewed soy sauce were clearly distinct from the control (without soy sauce). Thus, our study suggested that addition of 1% soy sauce could be effective for improving the flavor of emulsion sausages, and the effects are highly dependent on the type of soy sauce used.     

加水量对添加不同食用胶的乳化肠品质的影响

将卡拉胶、魔芋胶、亚麻籽胶分别按质量分数0.6%的添加量加入到乳化肠中,并逐渐提高水的添加量,通过测定每组样品的质构、色差和保水性,并进行感官评价,研究各种食用胶对乳化肠品质的影响。结果表明：在加水量65%～80%时,随着加水量的增加,各组样品的硬度逐渐下降,弹性逐渐提高,添加食用胶样品组质地明显优于对照组的样品(P＜0.05);添加食用胶未对乳化肠的红度(a*值)产生不利影响,但是加水量的增加会引起a*值逐渐降低。添加食用胶还可以显著的提高乳化肠的保水性(P＜0.05);感官评定结果表明添加食用胶的样品具有较好的总体可接受性。因此,卡拉胶、魔芋胶、亚麻籽胶均为乳化肠生产的良好添加成分,特别是亚麻籽胶和魔芋胶,可以显著提高乳化肠品质。     

食盐添加量对哈尔滨风干肠理化特性的影响

以哈尔滨风干肠为研究对象,通过对其发酵过程中水分含量及分布、食盐含量、pH值、色差、剪切力、硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值及菌落总数等指标的测定,研究降低食盐添加量（2.5%、2.0%、1.5%、1.0%）对风干肠理化特性的影响,以期减少风干肠中食盐含量。结果表明,发酵前期（0～6?d）,降低食盐添加量会导致风干肠水分含量、水分活度（water activity,Aw）、L*值、TBARS值和菌落总数较高（P＜0.05）,而a*值、pH值及剪切力较低（P＜0.05）;发酵后期（6～12?d）,降低食盐添加量会导致风干肠水分含量、Aw、pH值和L*值的降低（P＜0.05）,而TBARS值、剪切力和菌落总数升高（P＜0.05）,各组风干肠a*值没有显著差异（P＞0.05）。此外,低场核磁分析结果表明,随着发酵时间的延长,各组风干肠中的不易流动水对应的弛豫时间（T21）变快,并且食盐添加量越少,弛豫时间越快（P＜0.05）。感官评价结果表明,食盐添加量为2.0%时,风干肠总体可接受性最好,咸味适中。综上所述,确定哈尔滨风干肠中食盐的最佳添加量为2.0%。     

香辛料精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质及安全性的影响

为了提高鲶鱼肉风干肠的品质与安全性,选取丁香、八角、肉桂、紫苏、牛至五种香辛料精油分别添加到腌制好的鱼肉馅中,经灌肠、风干后制成鲶鱼肉风干肠。对风干肠的感官品质、水分含量、水分活度(A_W)、pH、色差、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs)值、生物胺含量、亚硝酸盐残留量、N-亚硝胺含量进行测定,分析不同香辛料精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质及安全性的影响。结果表明:添加丁香和牛至精油可使鲶鱼肉风干肠具有较适宜的水分含量(29.4%;29.1%)和A_W(0.79;0.79);丁香、紫苏、牛至组a^*值显著高于其他组(P<0.05);6组鲶鱼肉风干肠的pH(4.98～5.16)均低于5.4,都属于高酸发酵肉制品。八角精油组鲶鱼肉风干肠TBARs值比对照组降低了66.3%;紫苏精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠亚硝酸盐清除率达到62.2%。肉桂精油和八角精油可以降低风干肠中生物胺的积累,紫苏精油和牛至精油对风干肠中N-亚硝胺的抑制率达87.56%和81.48%,很大程度上提升了风干肠...     

L-精氨酸与迷迭香提取物联合处理对低钠低脂乳化香肠品质的影响

研究不同添加量（0.05%、0.10%、0.15%和0.20%）迷迭香提取物（rosemary extract,RE）与0.6%L-精氨酸（L-arginine,Arg）分别对乳化香肠蒸煮损失、色泽、质构、pH值、微观结构、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值、羰基含量和感官品质的影响。结果表明：与空白组相比,单独添加0.6% Arg显著降低乳化香肠蒸煮损失,提高乳化香肠的红度值（a*）、硬度、pH值、整体可接受性,但是增加TBARs值和羰基含量,内部脂肪球更小、更均匀、更规则;在添加0.6% Arg的基础上,添加低含量的RE（0.05%～0.15%）会进一步提高乳化香肠的a*和整体可接受性,延缓TBARs值和羰基含量的增加以及pH值的降低,同时对乳化香肠的蒸煮损失、质构和微观结构没有明显影响;然而,添加高含量（0.20%）的RE会降低乳化香肠的硬度。综合上述各项指标,RE的添加量以0.15%为宜。     

再生纤维素凝胶对发酵香肠品质的影响

以再生纤维素凝胶分别取代0%、15%、30%、45%、60%的猪背膘生产发酵香肠,探讨再生纤维素凝胶对发酵香肠各理化指标和品质指标的影响。结果表明：随着脂肪替代度的增加,发酵香肠的脂肪含量显著降低,硬度、弹性、胶黏性和咀嚼性均呈现不同程度下降;水分含量和亮度值显著增加（P＜0.05）。替代组发酵香肠的pH值略低于对照组,各处理组间水分活度差异不显著（P＞0.05）。在总体可接受性上,各实验组香肠均有较好的接受度,其中替代度为45%的发酵香肠接受性最高。综合以上结果表明,再生纤维素凝胶可以作为脂肪替代物应用于发酵香肠中,其对猪背膘的最适替代度为45%。     

Production of squid emulsion sausages using pork skin and coconut powder mixture as fat replacers

How to improve the inferior properties of squid products is a big challenge for producers. Pork skin and coconut powder (PSCP) mixture were assessed as fat replacers in squid emulsion sausages. The modified treatment containing 100% PSCP had 62.58% less fat, 4.82% more protein and 8.79% more moisture than those of the control (P < 0.05). High PSCP concentration resulted in lower cooking loss, higher emulsion stability and better textural properties. Texture profile analysis (TPA) showed that the addition of PSCP significantly (P < 0.05) increased the hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness of the sausages. The three‐dimensional network structures of the sausages containing PSCP were more compact and homogeneous. Sensory evaluation results produced by a sensory panel comprised of 100 panellists indicated that the sausages had an excellent flavour and overall acceptability when the substitution was 60%. Therefore, pork skin and coconut powder can be used to replace the pork back fat in the squid emulsion sausage without sacrificing the quality.     

Improvement of nutritional properties of Chorizo de Pamplona by replacement of pork backfat with soy oil

Dry fermented sausages with a partial substitution of 15, 20 and 25% of pork backfat by pre-emulsified soy oil were prepared. No differences were detected in the water, protein and fat content between control and modified sausages. Cholesterol amount scarcely decreased in the modified sausages (92.96 mg/100 g product in control sausages, 87.71 mg/100 g in sausages prepared with 25% of substitution). No increase in oxidation was detected through chemical or sensory analysis in modified sausages. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in control products were 37.83 and 45.78 g/100 g of total fatty acid, respectively, decreasing in the modified formulations, to 32.81 and 42.09 g/100 g of total fatty acid in the 25% replacement products, respectively. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased from 15.22 (control) to 23.96 g/100 g of total fatty acid (25% product) due to the significant increase in linoleic and -linolenic acids when soy oil was added. In relation to texture profile analysis (TPA), hardness and springiness did not show significant differences among products. The instrumental measured colours were comparable with that of commercial products. Sensory evaluation of most of the modified sausages did not show significant differences with regard to the control.     

Effects of Freeze‐Dried Vegetable Products on the Technological Process and the Quality of Dry Fermented Sausages

The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition of freeze‐dried vegetable powders: celery, celery juice, parsnip and leek. The effect of different freeze‐dried vegetables onto the ripening process and the properties of dry fermented sausages was also evaluated. Vegetable products significantly (p < 0.05) differed in their chemical composition: celery products contained higher amounts of nitrates, total phenolic compounds and lower amounts of sucrose, parsnip had higher concentration of proteins, leek was rich in fat. The analysis of pH, water activity, lactic acid bacteria, coagulase‐positive staphylococci and coliforms content showed that the incorporation of freeze‐dried vegetables had no negative effect on the fermentation and ripening process of dry fermented sausages. In addition, the color parameters for sausages with the added lyophilised celery products were considerable (p < 0.05) more stable during these processes. At the end of the ripening process the sausages made with lyophilised celery juice were characterised by higher lightness and lower hardness than those made with the addition of other vegetable products and control. Freeze‐dried celery, celery juice, parsnip and leek have some potential for the usage as a functional ingredient or as a source for indirect addition of nitrate in the production of fermented sausages.     

Stability of phenolic compounds in dry fermented sausages added with cocoa and grape seed extracts

The level of eleven target phenolic compounds was evaluated in dry fermented sausages added with vegetable extracts. Grape seed (GSE1 and GSE2) and cocoa extracts, rich in phenolic compounds, were added in the formulation of dry fermented sausages (“salchichón” and “fuet”). Evolution of the major monomeric and oligomeric phenolic compounds of these extracts was evaluated during sausage shelf life by UHPLC-MS/MS. Kind of sausage did not affect significantly overall stability of the target compounds. At the end of the ageing process, catechin and epicatechin were at 54–61%, gallic acid and galloylated flavan-3-ols at 59–91%, oligomeric flavan-3-ols at 72–95% and glycosylated flavonols at 56–88% (in cocoa treatment) and 82–94% (in GSE treatment) of the contents that were added to the meat batter. All phenolic compounds levels did not decrease further significantly after ageing until the end of shelf life. Sensory analyses showed no important differences between control and cocoa added products, while grape seed addition gave these products abnormal sensory profiles. The 0.5% (w/w) addition of vegetal extracts was suitable to enrich dry fermented sausages with health-beneficial polyphenols.     

Effect of enzyme‐modified carboxymethyl starch as a fat replacer on the functional properties of sausages

Enzyme‐modified carboxymethyl starch (ECMS), carboxymethyl starch (CMS), and enzyme‐modified starch (ES) were prepared and used as fat replacers in low‐fat sausages. The effects of fat level (5, 10, and 20%) and three modified starches (ECMS, CMS, and ES) on energy, color, texture, and sensory characteristics of sausages were investigated. The addition of three modified starches in reduced‐fat sausages reduced total energy and redness, and increased the lightness of the products. Except adhesiveness, ECMS had no effect on any of the textural parameters of sausages, but CMS or ES lowered any of the textural parameters at their respective target fat levels. The 10% fat sausage with added ECMS was similar to the 20% fat sausage control for overall acceptability. The results indicated that the new multiplex modified starch‐ECMS could be used as a suitable fat replacer since it offset some of the changes caused by fat reduction.