唇形密封轴表面方向性微孔的润滑特性

为研究方向性微孔对唇形密封润滑特性的影响,建立了遵循质量守恒的JFO空化边界条件的唇形密封润滑理论模型,采用有限单元法求解雷诺控制方程,获得了泵汲率、摩擦力等性能参数,对比分析了椭圆形、矩形、菱形、等腰三角形4种不同形状方向性微孔织构唇形密封的润滑特性。结果表明:微孔结构对称于轴切向时泵汲率为零,而与轴线呈45°倾斜时具有最大泵汲率;微孔结构沿轴切向形成的油楔尺寸最小时,具有最小摩擦力;增加微孔深度将使泵汲率下降,但能减小摩擦力;增大形状因子既可以提高泵汲率,又能减小摩擦力;相同条件下,矩形微孔具有最大泵汲率和最小摩擦力。     

不同形状方向性型孔液体润滑端面密封性能对比

表面微孔的方向性可以改变密封间隙中流体的流向,在孔区末端汇聚产生明显的流体动压效应,使摩擦副端面打开,形成全膜润滑。以不同开孔形状(圆形、菱形、椭圆形、长方形)型孔端面密封为研究对象,考虑润滑液膜中的空化现象,基于质量守恒JFO空化算法建立数值模拟模型,采用有限差分法求解Reynolds控制方程,获得端面膜压分布。对比分析了在不同操作参数和几何结构参数下不同开孔端面密封性能。结果表明:相比于圆孔,在低速或高压下,方向性型孔都具有较好的动压效应,且长方形孔的动压开启力最好,菱形孔泄漏率较小。当膜厚h0=1.5~2.5μm,孔深hp=2~3μm,长短轴比γ=3~4,反向开孔比β=0.5,倾斜角α1=30°~50°、α2=120°~140°时,不同形状方向性型孔可获得最佳的动压密封性能。     

不同形状方向性型孔液体润滑端面密封性能对比

表面微孔的方向性可以改变密封间隙中流体的流向,在孔区末端汇聚产生明显的流体动压效应,使摩擦副端面打开,形成全膜润滑。以不同开孔形状（圆形、菱形、椭圆形、长方形）型孔端面密封为研究对象,考虑润滑液膜中的空化现象,基于质量守恒JFO空化算法建立数值模拟模型,采用有限差分法求解Reynolds控制方程,获得端面膜压分布。对比分析了在不同操作参数和几何结构参数下不同开孔端面密封性能。结果表明：相比于圆孔,在低速或高压下,方向性型孔都具有较好的动压效应,且长方形孔的动压开启力最好,菱形孔泄漏率较小。当膜厚h₀=1.5～2.5 mm,孔深h_p=2～3 mm,长短轴比γ=3～4,反向开孔比β=0.5,倾斜角α₁=30°～50°、α₂=120°～140°时,不同形状方向性型孔可获得最佳的动压密封性能。     

不同截面形状微肋片内流动阻力特性

以去离子水为工质,实验研究了横截面形状为圆形、椭圆及菱形的叉排微肋片组成的流道内的流动阻力特性。结果表明,3种形状肋片流道内压降随流量增大而增大。受微/小尺度下层流边界层的影响,流量较低时微肋形状对流动影响较弱,椭圆形肋片与菱形肋片内压降几乎相同,而圆形截面肋片内由于流动距离较长导致流动阻力最大;当流量较大时,椭圆形肋片内压降最小。Re较小时,长短轴一致的菱形肋片内的流动阻力系数f比椭圆形肋片略低,但在Re较高时,椭圆形肋片内的f值仍然最低。研究还表明,在现有各种关联式中,只有菱形微肋片关联计算值与本实验值较吻合。     

不同截面形状微肋片内流动阻力特性

以去离子水为工质,实验研究了横截面形状为圆形、椭圆及菱形的叉排微肋片组成的流道内的流动阻力特性。结果表明,3种形状肋片流道内压降随流量增大而增大。受微/小尺度下层流边界层的影响,流量较低时微肋形状对流动影响较弱,椭圆形肋片与菱形肋片内压降几乎相同,而圆形截面肋片内由于流动距离较长导致流动阻力最大;当流量较大时,椭圆形肋片内压降最小。Re较小时,长短轴一致的菱形肋片内的流动阻力系数f比椭圆形肋片略低,但在Re较高时,椭圆形肋片内的f值仍然最低。研究还表明,在现有各种关联式中,只有菱形微肋片关联计算值与本实验值较吻合。     

微换热通道的几何特性对多孔微型换热器传热特性的影响

基于有限元法原理,利用Fluent流体仿真软件,针对多孔微型换热器的几何特性对传热特性的影响进行了数值模拟,分析了换热管道高宽比、长径比、孔隙率、当量直径和截面形状对多孔微型换热器传热特性的影响。结果表明,多孔微型换热器的换热性能随矩形截面微通道高宽比的增大而提高,随微通道长径比的减小而降低,随微通道孔隙率的减小而降低,随微通道当量直径的增大而提高,且在使用等量冷却剂的条件下,截面形状为等腰三角形的多孔微型换热器换热性能优于截面形状为梯形、矩形和圆形的。     

不同截面疏水性微肋阵内减阻特性

采用疏水液处理紫铜微肋阵表面,分别在截面为圆形、菱形和椭圆形微肋阵实验段内形成接触角分别为99.5°、119.5°和151.5°(水为工质)的疏水性表面,实验测试各个工况下流道内流动阻力和压力降,分析了不同截面形状对疏水性微肋阵内减阻特性的影响规律。结果表明,当接触角增大时,压力降变化率在微肋阵内的变化规律随截面形状的改变而发生变化;同一接触角下,椭圆形微肋阵内压力降变化率随流量增加而逐渐减小,而菱形和圆形微肋阵则先减小后保持常数。相同Reynolds数(Re)下,3种截面实验段中减阻率均随接触角的增大而增加。接触角相同时,椭圆形微肋阵内阻力系数变化因子随Re的增大而逐渐减小;菱形和圆形则先减小后保持常数,接触角为151.5°时最小阻力系数变化因子分别为50.81%和58.68%。     

垂直锐边孔口的自由出流特性（Ⅲ）孔几何形状对孔流系数的影响

通过实验,分别考察了相同流通截面积下,圆形、椭圆形、正方形、矩形和三角形等不同几何形状的垂直锐边典型“大孔”和“小孔”的自由出流特性。所得孔流系数曲线形态基本相同,孔流系数值略有差异,圆孔最高,三角形最低,说明孔几何形状对孔流能量损失有一定影响,但不是关键结构参数,不会从根本上改变孔流机理。其能量损失差异可根据孔口的水力半径、锐角界面张力以及非圆形孔射流的穿透现象加以解释,藉此对前期的圆孔流动机理进行了补充。此后,为了详细考察孔形状对孔流速度分布和能量损失的影响,采用计算流体力学软件Fluent 6.2对其进行了模拟,模拟流场说明孔形状对孔前流动影响区的主体范围和速度分布基本没有影响,孔前流动的机械能损失仍可采用半球形模型研究,进一步说明不同孔形状的孔流机械能损失差异是入孔以后造成的。     

Characteristics of vertical sharp-edged orifice discharge（Ⅲ）Effect of geometry on orifice discharge coefficient

通过实验,分别考察了相同流通截面积下,圆形、椭圆形、正方形、矩形和三角形等不同几何形状的垂直锐边典型“大孔”和“小孔”的自由出流特性。所得孔流系数曲线形态基本相同,孔流系数值略有差异,圆孔最高,三角形最低,说明孔几何形状对孔流能量损失有一定影响,但不是关键结构参数,不会从根本上改变孔流机理。其能量损失差异可根据孔口的水力半径、锐角界面张力以及非圆形孔射流的穿透现象加以解释,藉此对前期的圆孔流动机理进行了补充。此后,为了详细考察孔形状对孔流速度分布和能量损失的影响,采用计算流体力学软件Fluent 6.2对其进行了模拟,模拟流场说明孔形状对孔前流动影响区的主体范围和速度分布基本没有影响,孔前流动的机械能损失仍可采用半球形模型研究,进一步说明不同孔形状的孔流机械能损失差异是入孔以后造成的。     

煅后焦真密度对生坯电极体积密度的影响

针状焦的真密度强烈地影响着石墨电极的体积密度:真密度高的焦炭往往产生低密度的电极。为阐明这一现象研究了这两个性质之间的关系。当将生焦煅烧至高温时,便产生包含较大微孔体积的高真密度针状焦。虽然焦炭中的微孔只在小的程度上影响体积密度,但这些微孔会引起焦粒沿着针状的纹理破裂,从而增强了焦粒的形状上各向异性(椭圆度)。焦粒的椭圆度影响着焦粒的堆积并影响生坯的体积密度。     

Mass transfer intensification and mechanism analysis of gas–liquid two-phase flow in the microchannel embedding triangular obstacles

An effective mass transfer intensification method was proposed by embedding different triangular obstacles to improve the gas–liquid mass transfer efficiency in microchannel. The influences of triangle obstacles configuration, obstacle interval and flow rate on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, pressure drop and energy consumption were investigated experimentally. The enhancement factor was used to quantify the mass transfer enhancement effect of triangle obstacles. It was found that the isosceles or equilateral triangle obstacles are superior to the rectangular obstacles. The maximum enhancement factor of equilateral triangle obstacles was 2.35. Considering comprehensively mass transfer enhancement and energy consumption, the isosceles triangle obstacle showed the best performance, its maximum enhancement factor was 2.1, while the maximum pressure drop increased only 0.41 kPa (22%) compared to the microchannel without obstacles. Furthermore, a micro-particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV) was utilized to observe the flow field distribution and evolution, in order to understand and analyze the enhancement mechanism. The micro-PIV measurement indicated that the obstacle structure could induce the formation of vortex, which promotes convective mass transfer and thins the flow boundary layer, accordingly, the gas–liquid mass transfer efficiency is remarkably improved. This study can provide theoretical guidance and support for the design and optimization of microchannel with triangular obstacles.     

非球形颗粒在矩形料斗中的流动特性(英文)

Flow behaviors of four kinds of granular particles (i.e. sphere, ellipsoid, hexahedron and binary mixture of sphere and hexahedron) in rectangular hoppers were experimentally studied. The effects of granular shape and hopper structure on flow pattern, discharge fraction, mean particle residence time and tracer concentration distribution were tested based on the visual observation and particle tracer technique. The results show that particle shape affects significantly the flow pattern. The flow patterns of sphere, ellipsoid and binary mixture are all parabolic shape, and the flow pattern shows no significant difference with the change of wedge angle. The flowing zone becomes more sharp-angled with the increasing outlet size. The flow pattern of hexahedron is featured with straight lines. The discharge rates are in increasing order from hexahedron, sphere, binary mixture to ellipsoid. The discharge rate also increases with the wedge angle and outlet size. The mean particle residence time becomes shorter when the outlet size increases. The difference of mean particle residence time between the maximum and minimum values decreases as the wedge angle increases. The residence time of hexahedron is the shortest. The tracer concentration distribution of hexahedron at any height is more uniform than that of binary mixture. The tracer concentration of sphere in the middle is lower than that near the wall, and the contrary tendency is found for ellipsoid particles.     

2-D radiation field in photocatalytic channels of square, rectangular, equilateral triangular and isosceles triangular sections

In this paper, a Monte Carlo model is used to predict the light intensity profile inside a photocatalytic monolith reactor where the internal walls of the reactor are coated with a light-absorbing and light-reflecting catalytically active film. Reactors with channels of square, rectangular, equilateral triangular and isosceles triangular sections are considered. These cases have not cylindrical symmetry and a 2-D approach must be used.     

三角形小翼强化立式太阳能热气流电站的流动传热特性

采用数值计算方法研究设置在电站系统中空气流道内集热面上的三角形小翼对立式太阳能热气流发电系统非稳态自然对流流动及传热的强化作用,分析了肋对数、肋倾角、布置方式对系统进出口气流的温升、速度差的影响,并结合场协同原理对其强化太阳能热发电系统传热的效果进行评价。结果表明：空气流经三角形小翼时温度梯度增大,换热增强,系统进出口气流温度差、速度差大幅增大;随着肋对数的增加,气流受到的扰动作用增强,速度与温度梯度的协同角减小,但相应也使气流的流动阻力增大,能量损失增大,肋倾角取45°时系统进出口气流速度差最大;三角形小翼成对布置在竖直矩形通道内时,叉排布置效果优于顺排。     

低温甲醇洗系统贫富甲醇换热器泄漏原因分析及处理

介绍了晋煤天溪煤制油分公司低温甲醇洗系统贫富甲醇换热器的泄漏情况。分析了贫富甲醇换热器泄漏初期生产运行指标的异常现象和造成泄漏的原因,认为泄漏是不同物质对设备的腐蚀、冲刷造成的,并针对泄漏的具体情况,提出了不同的检修处理措施:管束泄漏量低于10%时,可采用焊接锲形堵头将泄漏列管两端进行封堵;管束泄漏量高于10%时,如换热器设计余量足,可将封头内部隔板取出,短接进出口;将换热管材质由10#钢换为06Cr19Ni10不锈钢。     

Scher‐ und Dehndeformationen von Kunststoffschmelzen im Keilspalt

The numerical analysis of the flow in a wedge slit with plane walls is presented for fluids with pseudo plastic flow behavior. Additionally to this analysis the flow in a combined wedge‐rectangular‐slit system is calculated. Shear, elongation and resulting total deformation at the wedge slit exit are quantified with specific numbers. The calculated residential time in the wedge slit allows the determination of the elongational rate and the Deborah number in order to characterize the entropy elastic state of melt particles.     

泵体形状对单作用真空泵性能的影响分析

为了预测泵体形状对单作用双吸式真空泵性能的影响，采用理论推导的方法，对椭圆形泵体和分别以椭圆形的长、短轴为直径的圆形泵体进行了对比研究，并基于计算流体力学方法分析了椭圆形泵体内部液体的速度场、压力场和温度场分布情况。结果表明，与采用椭圆形的长轴长度和短轴长度制造的两个圆形泵体相比，椭圆形泵体在散热性能、吸气性能和排气性能方面都优于圆形泵体。在极限压缩比工况下，椭圆形泵体叶轮外部液体的速度分布较为均匀，泵体内部压力场由叶轮中心向边缘逐渐增大。此外，叶轮边缘的压力分布也是不均匀的，冷却介质的温度从入口到出口过程中逐渐升高，并在出口处易形成旋涡，降低冷却效率。     

Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Labyrinth Seals for Reciprocating Piston Compressors

To optimize the performance of oil‐free reciprocating piston compressors, the leakage flow through the piston seal has to be minimized. Therefore, the effects of the geometrical parameters and shapes of labyrinth seals on the leakage flow are examined. The main geometrical parameters and shapes are investigated by means of computational flow dynamics simulations. The optimum geometries obtained from the simulations are experimentally tested on a compressor rig. The rectangle labyrinth shows the lowest leakage followed by a novel semicircle geometry and the triangle geometry shows the highest leakage flow among the labyrinths. The straight seal exhibits the highest leakage flow rate. It can be concluded that the rectangle labyrinth reduces the leakage flow rate in the most efficient way.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a horizontal flow ejector in a rectangular chamber

The effects of the volumetric flow rate of primary motive water, water height, and the geometric parameters of the hydrodynamiccharacteristics of the gas suction rate and gas phase holdup were investigated in a rectangular chamber (0.22×0.26×1.2 m-high) with a horizontal flow ejector. Gas suction rate increased with increasing volumetric flow rate of the primary motive water, mixing tube length and diffuser length, but it decreased with increasing water height and nozzle diameter. The gas phase holdup was directly proportional to gas suction rate, indicating its corresponding increase with the volumetric flow rate of the primary motive water. Conversely, it decreased with increasing water height and nozzle diameter. However, the mixing tube length affected the gas phase holdup minimally compared to other operating parameters. Both the gas suction rate and gas phase holdup correlated with the dimensionless equations of operating parameters.