乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物的分离纯化与结构鉴定

从乌鸡中酶解得到乌鸡低聚肽,然后与亚铁螯合制备乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物,螯合率为84.76±0.12%。乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物具有较高的蛋白质含量,高达54.64±1.03%。并且分子量较低,其中分子量小于1000 u的占85.50%。通过扫描电镜、红外光谱对乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物的结构进行分析,结果表明乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物是一种新型的铁螯合物。体外稳定性研究表明乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物具有一定的热稳定性、酸碱稳定性和体外消化稳定性。通过反相高效液相色谱对乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物进行分离纯化,选择一个主要的组分进行收集,然后利用质谱仪进行质谱分析。从乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物的主要组分中鉴定出一个五肽,氨基酸序列为Thr-Ser-Gly-Met-Pro。乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物可作为一种铁补充剂用于食品添加剂、营养物及医药制品中。     

罗非鱼鳞胶原肽亚铁螯合物制备工艺优化及结构表征

以罗非鱼鳞胶原肽与氯化亚铁盐为原料制备多肽亚铁螯合物,并对其最佳螯合条件及螯合物结构进行探究。以螯合物得率为指标通过单因素和响应面法对螯合条件进行优化;通过扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱、X衍射和氨基酸分析等方法对螯合物结构及氨基酸组成进行分析。结果表明,制备螯合物的最佳反应条件为pH 5.30,多肽浓度3.00%,多肽与铁质量比3.2∶1.0,该条件下螯合率为82%,螯合物得率为65.43%;通过氨基酸组成分析表明,氨基酸组成符合胶原多肽的成分特征,螯合后天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸和精氨酸含量增加;扫描电镜、红外光谱以及X衍射等结果表明多肽与亚铁盐以配位键结合成多肽亚铁螯合物。     

响应面法优化鳕鱼皮胶原蛋白肽螯合铁工艺

采用响应面法优化鳕鱼皮胶原蛋白肽与氯化亚铁进行螯合反应的条件,制备小分子肽螯合铁产品。以pH值、小分子肽与FeCl2的质量比和小分子肽液质量分数3因素的5水平进行二次正交旋转组合试验,建立螯合物得率的二次回归方程。结果表明：最佳螯合工艺条件为胶原蛋白肽与氯化亚铁的质量比4:1、小分子肽液质量分数3.5%、pH7.0。在此条件下,螯合物得率为37.31%,与模型的预测值37.46%接近。红外光谱检测结果显示,亚铁离子与小分子肽中的NH2+和COO－有螯合,是一种新型螯合物。     

乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物的分离纯化与结构鉴定（英文）

从乌鸡中酶解得到乌鸡低聚肽,然后与亚铁螯合制备乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物,螯合率为84.76±0.12%。乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物具有较高的蛋白质含量,高达54.64±1.03%。并且分子量较低,其中分子量小于1000 u的占85.50%。通过扫描电镜、红外光谱对乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物的结构进行分析,结果表明乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物是一种新型的铁螯合物。体外稳定性研究表明乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物具有一定的热稳定性、酸碱稳定性和体外消化稳定性。通过反相高效液相色谱对乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物进行分离纯化,选择一个主要的组分进行收集,然后利用质谱仪进行质谱分析。从乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物的主要组分中鉴定出一个五肽,氨基酸序列为Thr-Ser-Gly-Met-Pro。乌鸡低聚肽亚铁螯合物可作为一种铁补充剂用于食品添加剂、营养物及医药制品中。     

辣木籽粕多肽亚铁螯合物的制备及结构分析

为探究辣木籽粕多肽亚铁螯合物的制备工艺及其结构特性。本实验以辣木籽粕多肽和氯化亚铁为原料制备多肽亚铁螯合物，同时以亚铁螯合率为指标对辣木籽粕多肽-亚铁螯合物的制备条件进行优化，得到了最佳螯合反应条件：肽铁质量比为4.1:1，多肽浓度为7.9 mg/mL，pH=4.70，反应温度为40 ℃，反应时间为20 min，在此条件下亚铁离子螯合率为（88.27±1.49）%。紫外、红外、荧光光谱以及扫描电镜和能谱分析等方法对螯合物进行结构分析表明，亚铁离子能够与多肽氨基酸上C=O 、N-H、—COO-等官能团结合生成多肽亚铁螯合物，表面疏水性与氨基酸组成分析表明极性氨基酸能够在螯合反应中起到重要作用。     

鲢鱼鳞胶原肽-铁螯合物的制备及其特性表征

该研究将鲢鱼鳞胶原肽与亚铁离子进行螯合,以螯合率为评价指标,通过单因素实验结合响应面分析法,探究胶原肽-铁螯合物的最佳制备条件并对其分子量分布、氨基酸组成和结构进行表征。结果表明：胶原肽-铁螯合物的最佳制备条件为p H值7.5、肽铁质量比5:1、肽液质量分数2.5%、螯合时间40 min、螯合温度35℃,在此条件下,铁的螯合率为92.04%。由分子量分布和氨基酸组成分析可知,胶原肽与Fe2+螯后1 000 u以下的分子量占比下降,胶原肽中存在的谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸和精氨酸对螯合反应具有重要作用;紫外和红外光谱结果表明,胶原肽中的羧基、氨基和酰胺基等基团参与了螯合反应;X射线衍射图谱也显示鲢鱼鳞胶原肽-铁螯合物呈现出不同于胶原肽的非晶形结构。该研究可望为鲢鱼鳞胶原肽-铁螯合物的制备、工艺优选及结构表征提供参考。     

乌鸡肽铁(Ⅱ)螫合物的制备及红外光谱鉴定

以乌鸡低聚肽为原料,FeCl2为铁源优化乌鸡肽铁(Ⅱ)螯合物的制备工艺,通过测定铁离子螯合率和多肽铁得率衡量螯合效果,并通过傅里叶红外光谱对螯合产物进行结构分析.优化结果表明,乌鸡肽铁(Ⅱ)螯合物的最佳螯合条件为:乌鸡肽浓度,4％ (g/mL);乌鸡肽与亚铁盐的质量比,5:1,pH值,4.在此条件下乌鸡肽铁(Ⅱ)螯合物的螯合率为(84.76±0.12)％,螯合物得率为(40.27±0.15)％.红外光谱分析表明,乌鸡肽铁(Ⅱ)螯合物中Fe2+与NH2+以及-COO-形成配位键,说明成功生成了一种新型肽铁螯合物.     

乌鸡肽铁(Ⅱ)螯合物的制备及红外光谱鉴定

以乌鸡低聚肽为原料,FeCl2为铁源优化乌鸡肽铁(Ⅱ)螯合物的制备工艺,通过测定铁离子螯合率和多肽铁得率衡量螯合效果,并通过傅里叶红外光谱对螯合产物进行结构分析。优化结果表明,乌鸡肽铁(Ⅱ)螯合物的最佳螯合条件为:乌鸡肽浓度,4%(g/mL);乌鸡肽与亚铁盐的质量比,5∶1,pH值,4。在此条件下乌鸡肽铁(II)螯合物的螯合率为(84.76±0.12)%,螯合物得率为(40.27±0.15)%。红外光谱分析表明,乌鸡肽铁(Ⅱ)螯合物中Fe2+与NH2+以及-COO-形成配位键,说明成功生成了一种新型肽铁螯合物。     

玉米低聚肽螯合铁（II）的制备和结构表征

以玉米低聚肽和氯化亚铁为原料制备玉米低聚肽螯合铁（II）,以得率和螯合率评价螯合效果,通过单因素实验、响应面中心组合设计和验证实验确定最佳工艺。通过高效液相色谱仪（HPLC）测定玉米低聚肽螯合铁（II）的氨基酸组成,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和扫描电镜（SEM）对玉米低聚肽螯合铁（II）的结构进行表征。结果表明,玉米低聚肽螯合铁（II）的最佳制备工艺为肽盐比5:1,pH7.0,螯合时间35 min,螯合温度65 ℃。此条件下,玉米低聚肽螯合铁（II）的得率为46.59%±1.69%,铁（II）的螯合率为51.75%±2.10%。玉米低聚肽螯合铁（II）中必需氨基酸含量占比25.58%,相对分子质量小于1000 u的组分占比高达89.77%。FTIR结果表明,铁（II）与玉米低聚肽末端羧基或氨基中的氮原子、氧原子形成配位键,从而形成螯合物;SEM结果显示,螯合后分子发生聚集,圆球状结构消失,说明成功生成了一种新型玉米低聚肽铁螯合物。     

螺旋藻肽亚铁螯合物的制备及结构表征

为了提高螺旋藻的高值化利用,本文以钝顶螺旋藻蛋白肽为实验原料,氯化亚铁为铁源,采用初步优化螺旋藻肽亚铁螯合物的螯合条件,并对螯合物通过分子量测定、氨基酸组成实验、荧光光谱、扫描电镜、量子化学计算进行结构表征。结果表明：初步合适的螯合条件为pH6、肽亚铁质量比6:1、肽液浓度1%、温度60℃、时间40 min,在此条件下螯合物得率为44.13%。螺旋藻蛋白肽与亚铁盐螯合反应后产生了新结构,铁主要与谷氨酸和天冬氨酸的羧基、精氨酸的氨基、赖氨酸的胍基结合,且镶嵌在氨基酸电负性末端形成的空腔中,形成稳定的结构,证明了螯合物的形成。研究结果将为螺旋藻补铁剂的开发提供一定的理论依据。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.