Al含量对(Ti,Al)N涂层结构性能的影响

(Ti，A1)N是20世纪80年代末期在TiN基础上发展起来的一种新型多元涂层材料。由于加入Al元素，(Ti，Al)N不但硬度、耐磨性优于TiN，而且大大改善了涂层的抗高温氧化性能。综述了Al元素在(Ti，Al)N涂层中的作用机理，以及Al含量对(Ti，Al)N涂层的晶体结构、抗高温氧化、硬度和耐磨性的影响。指出当Ti和Al的比例近似为1：1时，(Ti，Al)N涂层将获得优越的综合使用性能。     

稀土铈对热作模具钢TiN系离子镀涂层性能的改进

为了解决TiN涂层的膜/基结合力不够高和高温抗氧化性不足等问题,综合利用电弧离子镀和涂层合金化技术,在4Cr5MoV热作模具钢基体上制备了添加稀土元素Ce的TiN系涂层,测定了涂层的显微硬度、孔隙率、耐磨性及膜/基结合力,并做了恒温氧化试验和抗热震性试验,以研究稀土元素Ce对TiN,Ti(Al,V)N涂层的改性作用.试验结果表明,Ce的加入能提高涂层的耐磨性,显著提高涂层的膜/基结合力,使其高温抗氧化性和抗热震性明显改善,可大大提高4Cr5MoV钢涂层热作精密模具的使用寿命和使用效果.     

硬质涂层与奥氏体不锈钢摩擦磨损性能研究

采用多弧离子镀技术在硬质合金YG8上制备了表面高铝含量的Ti33Al67N、中铝含量的Ti50Al50N复合涂层和Cr_(30)Al_(70)lN单层涂层。采用摩擦磨损仪系统研究了以上涂层与奥氏体304合金间的摩擦磨损行为。利用扫描电镜、电子能谱仪、显微硬度仪、划痕仪等对涂层性能及表面形貌、磨痕形貌及成分进行表征。试验结果表明:同含钛的表面涂层Ti33Al67N和Ti50Al50N相比,Cr_(30)Al_(70)N涂层与奥氏体304合金的亲和力更低,减少了摩擦过程中304合金在Cr_(30)Al_(70)N涂层表面的涂抹量。涂层最主要的磨损失效方式是局部撕裂,局部撕裂的本质是硬质合金基体同304合金直接接触导致高强度结点。复合涂层Cr_(30)Al_(70)N/Ti_(50)Al_(50)N及单层的Cr_(30)Al_(70)N涂层膜基结合力高,表现出优于Cr_(30)Al_(70)N/Ti_(33)Al_(67)N复合涂层的抗摩擦磨损性能;前两者磨痕表面检出的W元素含量仅为Cr_(30)Al_(70)N/Ti_(33)Al_(67)N涂层的1/10。     

电弧离子镀梯度（Ti，Al）N涂层的结构与机械性能研究

采用电弧离子镀（AIP）技术，在航空发动机压气机用1Cr11Ni2W2MoV不锈钢上沉积了TiN涂层、（Ti，Al）N涂层和梯度（Ti，Al）N涂层。运用带能谱的扫描电镜（SEM／EDAX）、电子探针（EPMA）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、显微硬度仪、多功能摩擦磨损实验机等仪器和热震实验对上述涂层的结构、机械性能和基体与涂层的结合性能进行了研究。结果表明，梯度涂层的Al含量由涂层／基体界面向涂层表面逐渐增多，内层Al含量为3％（原子分数），外层Al含量为47％（原子分数）；梯度涂层具有Bl型（NaCl）单相结构和（220）择优取向；梯度涂层的硬度和耐磨与（Ti，Al）N涂层相近，且明显高于TiN涂层，结合性能优于（Ti，Al）N涂层。     

脉冲偏压对(Ti,Al)N/TiN/(Ti,Al)N多层复合涂层成分和硬度的影响

采用脉冲偏压多弧离子镀技术在Hss-Al高速钢上涂镀(Ti,Al)N/TiN/(Ti,Al)N多层复合涂层.所用设备为复合八阵弧离子镀膜生长系统.简要介绍了多层复合膜的镀层工艺过程.鉴于复合涂层中的Al含量对涂层的性能特别是抗磨损性能有极重要的影响,实验中重点考察了脉冲偏压幅对Al含量的影响.同时测试了复合涂层的vickers硬度与偏压幅值的关系.研究结果得出,随着脉冲偏压幅值的增加,涂层中Al含量先增加,然后减少,偏压幅值为-150v时,Al含量高达36.41at%;偏压幅与涂层显微硬度的关系有相似的规律,在偏压幅值为-150V时,7层复合膜的vickerB硬度达2750 MPa左右,10层复合膜的硬度约2880 MPa.     

物理气相沉积TiAlN涂层的研究进展

概述了物理气相沉积TiAlN涂层的研究现状及发展趋势,详细分析了制备方法、Al含量、N2流量、基体偏压、温度以及其他元素对TiAlN涂层的涂层结构、硬度、高温抗氧化性和耐腐蚀性等性能的影响.目前制备的TiAlN涂层存在残余应力较大、表面液滴数量较多和涂层致密度差等问题.为进一步促进TiAlN涂层的应用,今后还需探索该涂层的制备方法,优化其制备工艺.多元纳米复合涂层和超点阵多层涂层是两个具有潜力的发展方向.     

Ti(CN)/TiC/Al2O3/TiN多层涂层的结构和界面结合力研究

采用中温、高温复合化学气相沉积技术(MHCVD)在WC- (6％wt)Co硬质合金基体表面制备了Ti(CN)/TiC/Al2O3/TiN 多层陶瓷涂层.通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和数显显微硬度计等手段分析多层陶瓷涂层的表面及断面形貌、物相组成、显微硬度;采用表面划痕实验,结合形貌观察及X射线能谱分析(EDS)研究多层陶瓷涂层/硬质合金基体的界面结合力及其影响因素.结果表明:Ti(CN)/TiC/Al2O3/TiN 多层陶瓷涂层结构均匀致密,涂层后硬质合金的显微硬度明显提高,约2600 HV,多层陶瓷涂层与基体界面结合良好,划痕实验显示临界载荷高达105 N,多层陶瓷涂层界面间的原子扩散作用对涂层/基体界面附着力有较大贡献,而涂层内部少量Ti2O3、W6Co6C 等物相的存在对提高界面结合力也有帮助.     

NiCrAlYSi涂层与镍基高温合金基体互扩散行为研究

采用电弧离子镀方法在镍基高温合金DZ125上沉积NiCrAlYSi涂层,通过对不同氧化时间后Al和Cr原子浓度分布曲线的分析,运用Boltzmann-matano方法,计算了Al和Cr元素在1373K分别加热0.5,2h和5h的互扩散系数,并拟合了这三个时间段的计算结果.结果表明:相同温度下,Al和Cr的互扩散系数分别随Al和Cr的原子浓度增加而增大.随氧化时间的延长,Al的互扩散系数随原子浓度的变化先增大然后基本不变,Cr的互扩散系数则逐渐减小;伴随着元素间互扩散行为的增强,涂层中的Al和Cr向基体扩散,基体合金元素Ni,Co,Mo,Ti和W则向涂层扩散,但涂层中Mo和Ti的含量相对较少.由于元素间互扩散行为,涂层中各元素的含量将趋向于更加均匀.     

中间层类型对类金刚石涂层键合结构和性能的影响行为

采用阴极电弧离子镀和等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)相结合的技术方法,在304不锈钢基体上分别沉积制备了Ti/DLC和Ti/Ti N/Ti Al N/DLC复合涂层。选用原子力显微镜、拉曼光谱对涂层的形貌和结构进行表征测试。同时,利用显微硬度计、划痕测试仪系统地分析了涂层的显微硬度和界面结合性能,并研究了其摩擦磨损行为。研究结果表明:Ti/Ti N/Ti Al N/DLC复合涂层体系具有较高硬度(~2130HV)的同时结合性能最优(结合力~53.7 N),抗磨损能力最强。在相同试验条件下,无涂层的基体摩擦系数为0.45,单层DLC、Ti/DLC和Ti/Ti N/Ti Al N/DLC涂层的摩擦系数则分别为0.15、0.12和0.07。Ti/Ti N/Ti Al N/DLC复合涂层可有效提高304不锈钢的耐磨损性能,降低摩擦系数。     

35CrMo钢表面化学气相沉积多层硬质涂层的结构与性能研究

采用化学气相沉积法在35CrMo钢基表面制备TiC/TiN双层、TiC(CN)/TiN和TiC/Ti(CN)/TiN/Al2O3多层硬质涂层,利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、多功能表面力学性能试验仪和摩擦磨损试验仪测试分析了涂层的组成结构、粗糙度和表面力学性能.结果表明:三种硬质涂层表面较均匀、致密,具有高硬度、低摩擦系数等特点,较大提高了35CrMo钢的耐磨擦磨损性能.相比TiC/TiN双层,多层涂层具有更好的力学和耐磨性能,其中多层TiC/Ti(CN)/TiN的摩擦系数最小,耐磨损性能最好,原因主要归于TC/Ti(CN)/TiN涂层具有较高的显微硬度(2559HV)和良好的膜基界面结合力(70N).     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。