室内空气中潜在的化学

探讨了室内污染物发生潜在反应的环境条件，分析了臭氧与室内无机物和有机物可能发生的化学反应和光化学反应，讨论了这些潜在的反应对室内空气品质的影响，提出了改善室内空气品质的途径。     

浅谈钢结构抗火计算方法

对钢结构抗火设计的意义、建筑室内火灾的发展与温度变化进行了介绍，主要对钢结构在火灾条件下反应分析的有限元方法及其研究成果进行综述，并且指出了钢结构高温设计分析的发展方向。     

室内空气中潜在的化学反应与空气品质

探讨了室内污染物发生潜在反应的环境条件 ,分析了臭氧与室内无机物和有机物可能发生的化学反应和光化学反应 ,讨论了这些潜在的反应对室内空气品质的影响 ,提出了改善室内空气品质的途径     

绿化对室内环境及人的反应力的作用与影响

分析绿化前后室内微环境物反映人体机能的变化指标，结果表明，绿化可明显降低室内CO2浓度，其效果与室内绿化量显著相关，绿化对降低飘尘作用不十分显著，有空调设备环境下，绿化对增湿降温作用不大，在一定程度上可减少细菌数，绿化可明显改善视力，提高人的反应能力。     

饱和黏性土最大动剪切模量的室内和原位试验对比研究

对463组饱和黏性土原状土样室内试验的最大动剪切模量和同一位置现场原位试验确定的最大动剪切模量进行了对比研究。结果表明:原状土样室内试验和同一位置的现场原位试验所确定的动剪切模量相差很大,室内试验结果基本上小于现场试验结果,埋藏深的土样相差更大;室内试验的最大动剪切模量与深度符合指数规律,并得到了室内试验最大动剪切模量与现场剪切波速的统计经验关系式。通过工程实例比较了两种试验最大动剪切模量对地震反应分析的影响,室内试验最大动剪切模量与现场剪切波速的关系统计式在工程场地地震反应分析中具有一定的参考应用价值。     

个体化微环境调节研究进展

指出由于室内人员在生理和心理反应、衣着量、活动强度和对室内温湿度与气流速度方面的偏好的差异，全空间空调方式不能同时为所有人提供可接受的热感觉和室内空气品质，而个体化调节方式可以在更大程度上满足人员的不同需要。综述了在人体周围空气流动、人体反应、个体调节系统方面的研究进展，讨论了个体化调节在减少能耗和提高生产率方面的优势。     

住宅室内排水回用研究

为有效地回用住宅室内排水，分析了室内排水的构成，提出了将住宅室内划分为A类与B类室内排水的思想。针对厨房洗涤盆、卫生间盥洗盆与坐便器的相对位置关系，以及A类室内排水量、排水时间与冲厕用水量、用水时间的关系，提出了回用住宅A类室内排水冲厕的方案。     

住宅室内材质的合理运用

分析了住宅室内材质的功能与表现，介绍了室内材质的设计原则以及室内材质协调的基本规律，例举了住宅室内材质的合理运用，以展现出人性化的居住空间。     

夏门大学2013国际太阳能十项全能竞赛风环境模拟

PHONICS是英国CHAM公司开发的模拟传热、流动、反应、燃烧过程的通用CFD软件。基于对厦门大学2013国际太阳能十项全能竞赛方案的模拟，旨在探索一种PHOENICS软件与建筑设计结合的方法。通过对建筑设计方案的通风模拟，分析评估室内风环境对建筑热舒适的影响，并对方案进行优化。     

红砂岩力学性能对路基长期稳定性影响的研究

通过红砂岩的抗剪强度试验、CBR强度试验、渗透试验等室内试验分析了红砂岩填料的工程性质对压实度、水、级配等因素的反应敏感程度，进而研究了红砂岩填料的长期强度衰减对路基长期稳定性的影响。     

光催化型过滤器分解有机化合物的实验研究

以TVOC及甲醛为测试对象对光催化型过滤器分解VOCs的性能进行了实验测试。结果显示:光催化型空调过滤器能有效分解VOCs,能在较短的时间内(12h)使室内VOCs的浓度达到GB/T-18883-2002的要求;其平均反应速率及分解效率随着过滤器层数的增加而增加,并且其分解效率随面风速的增加而略有降低(当面风速从0.42m/s增加至0.8m/s时,在第3小时,分解效率下降了约5%);对于室内VOCs浓度较低的民用建筑,光催化分解过程中的反应速率与反应浓度成正比。     

Ammonia removal by sweep gas membrane distillation

Wastewater containing low levels of ammonia (100 mg/L) has been simulated in experiments with sweep gas membrane distillation at pH 11.5. The effects of feed temperature, gas flow rate and feed flow rate on ammonia removal, permeate flux and selectivity were investigated. The feed temperature is a crucial operating factor, with increasing feed temperature increasing the permeate flux significantly, but reducing the selectivity. The best-performing conditions of highest temperature and fastest gas flow rate resulted in 97% removal of the ammonia, to give a treated water containing only 3.3 mg/L of ammonia.     

A survey of organic contaminants in household and bottled drinking waters in Kuwait

Chemical analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatiles (SVs), including pesticides, was performed on 623 and 568 samples, respectively, of household drinking water, as well as on 113 samples from 71 brands of bottled water available in Kuwaiti markets. The analysis was performed according to United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) Methods 524.2 and 525.2. Nine VOCs and eight SVs were found in household water. Furthermore, between one and seven of 12 VOCs were detected in 93% of the bottled water brands. All bottled waters were found to be completely free of SVs. Styrene was the main pollutant found in all brands packaged in polystyrene containers of sizes 200-mL and 250-mL, with levels generally higher than the WHO guideline value of 20 µg/L. The levels of styrene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes were found to increase with storage time, which indicates that these VOCs were migrating from the container material. No effect was detected due to changes in the storage temperature. All detected VOCs and SVs in household and bottled waters, except styrene, were found at concentrations much lower than those established as safe by WHO guidelines and US-EPA maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), respectively.     

固相微萃取法同时分析源水中54种挥发性有机物

建立了同时测定饮用水源水中54种挥发性有机物的前处理方法———顶空固相微萃取法。用65μm聚二甲基硅氧烷二乙烯基苯(PDMS-DVB)固相微萃取柱顶空萃取水样中的挥发性有机物,萃取物用气相色谱/质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析,采用质谱(MS)检测器的选择离子监测模式(SIM)和内标法进行定量分析。试验优化了顶空固相微萃取条件,如萃取柱涂层、盐度、萃取温度和萃取时间等。采用优化后的条件获得的方法检出限为0.01～0.37μg/L,在所测浓度范围内校准曲线的相关系数良好(除三氯甲烷和四氯化碳外均大于0.991),对0.60μg/L标准水样测得结果的RSD均小于15%;实际饮用水源水样加标回收率均值和RSD分别为73.1%～130%和1.4%～19%(n=6)。该方法适用于饮用水源水中挥发性有机物的监测分析。     

Sensory And Physiological Effects On Humans Of Combined Exposures To Air Temperatures And Volatile Organic Compounds

Ten healthy humans were exposed to combinations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and air temperature (0 mg/m³ and 10 mg/m³ of a mixture of 22 volatile organic compounds and 18, 22 and 26° C). Previously demonstrated effects of VOCs and thermal exposures were replicated. For the first time nasal cross-sectional areas and nasal volumes, as measured by acoustic rhinometry, were shown to decrease with decreasing temperature and increasing VOC exposure. Temperature and pollutant exposures affected air quality, the need for more ventilation, skin humidity on the forehead, sweating, acute sensory irritation and possibly watering eyes in an additive way. Interactions were found for odor intensity (p = 0.1), perceived facial skin temperature and dryness, general well-being, tear film stability, and nasal cavity dimension. The presence of interactions implies that in the future guidelines for acceptable indoor air concentrations of VOCs should depend on room air temperature.     

冻结条件下开放体系风积砂水分迁移的动态观测及分析

 为揭示冻结过程中风积砂的水分迁移动力,先使试件在恒温状态下达到补水平衡,之后对试件施加温度梯度,实时监测土体内温度和未冻水含量的变化过程,依据试验结果对入流通量模型进行修正。研究结果表明：在恒温状态下,基质势和重力势是风积砂中水分迁移的主要动力,水分迁移可以在短时间内完成,补水速率随时间衰减迅速;在温度梯度状态下,根据冻结速率和冻结深度,可将试件分为快速冻结区、过渡冻结区和稳定冻结区;在冻结过程中,试件的入流通量随着冻结速率的减小而逐渐增大,修正后的入流通量模型预测值与实测值基本吻合;在恒温补水平衡的风积砂经历冻结后,从试件底部补进的水全部进入冻结土段,水分迁移动力来源于温度梯度。     

Cometabolism of trihalomethanes by mixed culture nitrifiers

Three mixed-culture nitrifier sources degraded low concentrations (25-450 microg/L) of four trihalomethanes (THMs) (trichloromethane (TCM) or chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), tribromomethane (TBM) or bromoform) commonly found in treated drinking water. Individual THM rate constants (k1THM) increased with increasing THM bromine-substitution with TBM>DBCM>BDCM>TCM and were comparable to previous studies with the pure culture nitrifier, Nitrosomonas europaea. A decrease in temperature resulted in a decrease in both ammonia and THM degradation rates with ammonia rates affected to a greater extent than THM degradation rates. The significant effect of temperature indicates that seasonal variations in water temperature should be a consideration for technology implementation. Product toxicity, measured by transformation capacity (T(c)), was similar to that observed with N. europaea. Because both rate constants and product toxicities increase with increasing THM bromine-substitution, a water's THM speciation is an important consideration for process implementation during drinking water treatment. Even though a given water is kinetically favored, the resulting THM product toxicity may not allow stable treatment process performance.     

Occurrence, oral exposure and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in drinking water for Izmir

Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in the drinking water in Province of Izmir, Turkey, and associated health risks due to ingestion of these compounds were investigated using population weighted random samples. A total of 100 houses were visited in different districts of Izmir and drinking water samples were collected from consumers' drinking water source. Questionnaires were administered to one participant in each house to determine demographics and drinking water consumption rates. Oral exposure and risks were estimated for each participant and Izmir population by deterministic and probabilistic approaches, respectively. The four trihalomethane (THM) species (i.e., chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform), benzene, toluene, p-xylene, and naphthalene were the most frequently detected VOCs with concentrations ranging from below detection limit to 35 microg/l. The risk estimates were found to be less than the values reported in the literature with few exceptions. Noncarcinogenic risks attributable to ingestion of VOCs for Izmir population were negligible, whereas the mean carcinogenic risk estimates for bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane were above the de minimis level of one in a million (10(-6)). For all VOCs, the concentrations measured in metropolitan area were greater than those in other districts. All THM species were detected in higher concentrations in tap water, whereas nontap water contained more benzene, toluene, p-xylene, and naphthalene. Therefore, the concentrations of the latter four compounds and associated risks increased with increasing income and education level since bottled water was used in larger proportions within these subgroups. The results of this study showed that oral exposure to drinking water contaminants and associated risks may be higher than the acceptable levels even if the concentrations fall below the standards.     

Historical trends in occurrence and atmospheric inputs of halogenated volatile organic compounds in untreated ground water used as a source of drinking water

Analyses of samples of untreated ground water from 413 community-, non-community- (such as restaurants), and domestic-supply wells throughout the US were used to determine the frequency of detection of halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in drinking-water sources. The VOC data were compiled from archived chromatograms of samples analyzed originally for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by purge-and-trap gas chromatography with an electron-capture detector (GC-ECD). Concentrations of the VOCs could not be ascertained because standards were not routinely analyzed for VOCs other than trichloromonofluoromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) and 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113). Nevertheless, the peak areas associated with the elution times of other VOCs on the chromatograms can be classified qualitatively to assess concentrations at a detection limit on the order of parts per quadrillion. Three or more VOCs were detected in 100% (percent) of the chromatograms, and 77.2% of the samples contained 10 or more VOCs. The maximum number of VOCs detected in any sample was 24. Modeled ground-water residence times, determined from concentrations of CFC-12, were used to assess historical trends in the cumulative occurrence of all VOCs detected in this analysis, as well as the occurrence of individual VOCs, such as CFC-11, carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)), chloroform and tetrachloroethene (PCE). The detection frequency for all of the VOCs detected has remained relatively constant from approximately 1940 to 2000; however, the magnitude of the peak areas on the chromatograms for the VOCs in the water samples has increased from 1940 to 2000. For CFC-11, CCl(4), chloroform and PCE, small peaks decrease from 1940 to 2000, and large peaks increase from 1940 to 2000. The increase in peak areas on the chromatograms from analyses of more recently recharged water is consistent with reported increases in atmospheric concentrations of the VOCs. Approximately 44% and 6.7% of the CCl(4) and PCE detections, respectively, in pre-1940 water, and 68% and 62% of the CCl(4) and PCE detections, respectively, in water recharged in 2000 exceed solubility equilibrium with average atmospheric concentrations. These exceedences can be attributed to local atmospheric enrichment or direct contaminant input to ground-water flow systems. The detection of VOCs at concentrations indicative of atmospheric sources in 100% of the samples indicates that untreated drinking water from ground-water sources in the US recharged within the past 60 years has been affected by anthropogenic activity. Additional inputs from a variety of sources such as spills, underground injections and leaking landfills or storage tanks increasingly are providing additional sources of contamination to ground water used as drinking-water sources.     

Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface waters and treated wastewater in Greece

The occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was studied in river water, lake water, seawater and treated wastewater in Greece from October 1998 to September 1999. The determination of 41 VOCs was performed with a Purge and Trap-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry method. Samples were collected seasonally from 10 rivers, seven lakes, three gulfs and four wastewater treatment plants. In surface water samples, 15 VOCs were detected. In wastewater samples, occurrence of 31 VOCs was observed. The results suggest that not only agricultural and industrial activity within the Greek territory, but also transboundary pollution deriving from neighbouring countries consist important sources of VOCs in surface waters of Greece. However, the measured concentrations did not in any case exceed the guideline values proposed by the EC.