氧化萃取法脱除焦化柴油中硫氮化合物

以过氧化氢为氧化剂,磷钨酸为催化剂,四乙基溴化铵为相转移催化剂,糠醛为萃取剂,采用催化氧化反应与溶剂萃取相结合的试验方法对焦化柴油进行硫氮脱除反应,并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,以50 mL焦化柴油为基础,在H2O2体积为7 mL、磷钨酸用量为0.28 g/L、四乙基溴化铵质量为0.10 g、反应温度60℃、氧化反应70 min、25 mL糠醛萃取三次的最优工艺条件下,柴油中硫质量分数由647μg/g降至62.58μg/g,脱硫率达90.33%;而氮质量分数由775.26μg/g降至29.85μg/g,脱氮率高达96.15%。氧化溶液与萃取剂回收后经处理均可重复利用。     

固体超强酸脱除柴油中碱性氮

采用固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2和分子筛改性固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/USY作为脱氮剂脱除柴油中碱性氮化物,对两者的脱氮效果进行比较,选取合适的脱氮剂,并考察了脱氮剂与柴油质量比、反应温度、搅拌时间和沉降时间对碱性氮化物脱除效果的影响。结果表明,分子筛改性后固体超强酸的脱氮能力有较大提高,且增大脱氮剂与柴油质量比、升高反应温度、延长搅拌时间和沉降时间均可提高柴油中碱性氮化物的脱除率。选取SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/USY作为脱氮剂,当其与柴油质量比为6:100、反应温度20℃、搅拌时间30 min和沉降时间60 min,柴油中碱性氮的脱除率达78.36%,柴油回收率可达84.37%。     

焦化柴油碱性氮的脱除

用LCH脱氮剂脱除焦化柴油中的碱性氮化物，考察了脱氮剂与柴油质量比、反应温度、搅拌时间、沉降时间对碱性氮化物脱除效果的影响。结果表明，增大脱氮剂与柴油质量比、延长搅拌时间及沉降时间，均可提高焦化柴油中碱性氮化物的脱除率。当脱氮剂与柴油质量比为1：100、搅拌时间为30min、反应温度为20℃时，沉降4h后，碱性氮化物的脱除率达97％，同时柴油回收率达99．15％。     

[Hnmp]H_2PO_4离子液体脱除焦化柴油中的碱性氮化物

合成了离子液体N-甲基吡咯烷酮磷酸二氢盐([Hnmp]H_2PO_4),并用红外光谱对其结构进行表征。以焦化柴油为原料,考察其对油品中碱性氮化物的脱除性能,结果表明,离子液体[Hnmp]H_2PO_4能够有效脱除焦化柴油中的碱性氮化物,在剂油质量比为1∶7,反应温度为30℃,反应时间为30 min的条件下,焦化柴油中碱性氮化物的脱除率为93.97%,此时精制油中碱氮质量分数为35μg/g。该离子液体在回收利用4次后,脱氮率仍可达到83%以上。     

直馏柴油络合萃取脱硫

分别采用络合剂FeCl3,AlCl3,TiCl4对产自盘锦慧丰的直馏柴油进行络合脱硫,结果表明:AlCl3的脱硫效果最好,络合剂用量为2 g时,脱硫率达到73.9%。通过实验得到在络合脱硫时,直馏柴油中的碱性氮含量减少,说明碱性氮消耗了络合剂,降低了络合剂的脱硫效果。本文采用自制脱氮剂LCH-28对盘锦慧丰直馏柴油进行脱氮,脱氮率达到90.0%。使用络合剂AlCl3对已脱氮的直馏柴油比未脱氮的直馏柴油脱硫率提高约5%~10%。为了取得更好的脱硫效果,采用络合剂AlCl3和三种萃取剂95%乙醇,甲醇,DMF进行复配。结果表明:以40 g柴油为基准,LCH-28的剂油比为1:200,AlCl3用量为2 g,95%乙醇用量为0.25 mL,在反应时间为20 min,反应温度为50℃的工艺条件下,对直馏柴油的脱硫率达到83.4%。     

催化裂化柴油氧化吸附脱硫脱氮工艺研究

通过单因素考察了催化裂化柴油氧化脱硫脱氮效果。结果表明,选用甲酸和30%H2O2作为氧化体系,以磷钨酸为催化剂,糠醛为萃取剂,在氧化温度为60℃,反应时间60min,V（氧化体系）/V（焦化柴油）为0.32,V（甲酸）/V（双氧水溶液）为0.5,磷钨酸用量为0.20g/L,采用二级萃取的优化工艺条件下,可将焦化柴油中硫的质量分数由1339.641μg/g降至19.37μg/g,氮质量分数由750.33μg/g降至7.5μg/g。     

脱除催化裂化柴油中碱性氮化物的研究

在实验室用WH-2脱氮剂脱除RFCC柴油中的碱性氮化物。考察了剂油比、反应时间、反应温度和静置时间对碱性氮化物脱除和精制后油品透光率的影响。结果表明,增大剂油比、延长反应时间、提高反应温度,均有利于油品中碱性氮化物的脱除,而剂油比和反应时间对脱氮效果的影响要强于反应温度的影响。WH-2脱氮剂对RFCC柴油表现出优良的碱性氮脱除及脱色能力。20℃下,当剂油比为1︰400、反应时间10 min,静置8～10 min,RFCC柴油中的碱性氮脱除率高达97.5%,油品透光率由精制前的3.8%提高到36.4%。通过简单的分离手段,从酸渣中回收到了大部分脱氮剂主剂,可作为脱氮剂成分重复利用。     

络合萃取脱除FCC柴油中的碱性氮化物

采用AlCl3/甲醇作络合萃取剂,考察了其对FCC柴油中碱性氮化物的脱除效果.结果表明:采用AlCl3/甲醇作络合萃取剂,可有效脱除FCC柴油中的碱性氮化物,同时柴油的外观色度也得到了改善.甲醇与甲酸组成的复合溶剂可明显提高碱氮的脱除率和柴油收率,同时减少了络合剂的用量.在剂油比为1.0,甲酸与甲醇体积比为1:4,AlCl3用量为1.0 g/L时,反应3 min,静置15 min,柴油的脱氮率达96.6%,收率可达97.0%.     

酸性离子液体脱除柴油中碱性氮化物

合成离子液体N-甲基吡咯烷酮磷酸二氢盐([Hnmp]H_2PO_4),用吡啶红外探针法测定其酸性。采用500μg/g的喹啉模型油考察其对油品中碱性氮化物的脱除性能。结果表明,在剂油质量比1∶7,反应温度为30℃,反应时间为30 min,静置时间120 min的条件下,模型油中碱性氮化物的脱除率可达到98.64%。在离子液体[Hnmp]H_2PO_4回收利用4次后,碱氮脱除率仍在96%以上。同时该离子液体也能有效脱除碱氮含量高达0.52%(质量分数)的抚顺页岩油柴油馏分中的氮化物,当剂油质量比为1∶1时,柴油馏分的碱氮脱除率可达94.25%。     

酸性离子液体脱除柴油中碱性氮化物

合成离子液体N-甲基吡咯烷酮磷酸二氢盐([Hnmp]H_2PO_4),用吡啶红外探针法测定其酸性。采用500μg/g的喹啉模型油考察其对油品中碱性氮化物的脱除性能。结果表明,在剂油质量比1∶7,反应温度为30℃,反应时间为30 min,静置时间120 min的条件下,模型油中碱性氮化物的脱除率可达到98.64%。在离子液体[Hnmp]H_2PO_4回收利用4次后,碱氮脱除率仍在96%以上。同时该离子液体也能有效脱除碱氮含量高达0.52%(质量分数)的抚顺页岩油柴油馏分中的氮化物,当剂油质量比为1∶1时,柴油馏分的碱氮脱除率可达94.25%。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.