离心萃取器提取对甲酚的实验和模拟研究

In this study, extraction of p-cresol from the simulated wastewater has been studied using centrifugal extractors and QH-1 extractant. The distribution ratio of p-cresol was approximately 308.5 in the QH-1-p-cresol （pH =2.0） system. The extraction stage efficiency of the single-stage centrifugal extractor was higher than 92%, and the extraction rate of the three-stage cascade was higher than 99%. When 15% NaOH was used for the stripping of p-cresol in QH-1 solution, the stripping rate of the three-stage cascade reached 100%. A mathematical model of multistage countercurrent extraction process that considers the phase volume change, extraction stage efficiency, and phase entrainment was used to simulate the extraction of p-cresol using centrifugal extractors. The calculated results using this model were in good agreement with the experimental results.     

二苯并呋喃在活性炭床层中的吸附动力学

The adsorption of dibenzofuran （DBF） on three commercial granular activated carbons （GAC） was investigated to correlate the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics with the morphological characteristics of activated carbons. Breakthrough experiment was conducted to determine the isotherm and kinetics of dibenzofuran on the activated carbons. All-the experiment runs were performed in a fixed bed with a process temperature of 368 K. The effects of adsorbent morphological properties on the kinetics of the adsorption process were studied. The equilibrium data are found satisfactory fitted to the Langmuir isotherm. An intraparticle diffusion model based on the obtained Langmuir isotherm was＇developed for predicting the fixed bed adsorption of dibenzofuran. The result indicated that this model fit all the breakthrough curves well. The surface diffusion coefficients of dibenzofuran on the activated carbon are calculated, and a relationship with the microporosity is found. As it was expected, the dibenzofuran molecule finds more kinetic restrictions for the diffusion in those carbons with narrower pore diameter.     

Liquid–liquid equilibrium extraction of ethanol with mixed solvent for bioethanol concentration

The extraction of ethanol with the solvents of aldehydes mixed with m-xylene was studied for the bioethanol concentration process.Furfural and benzaldehyde were selected as extraction solvents,with which the solubility of water is small,expecting large distribution coefficient of ethanol.The liquid–liquid two-phase region was the largest with m-xylene solvent,followed by benzaldehyde and furfural.The region of two liquid–liquid phase became larger with the mixed solvent of m-xylene and furfural than that with furfural solvent.The NRTL model was applied to the ethanol–water–furfural–m-xylene system,and the model could well express the liquid–liquid equilibrium of the system.For any solvent used in this study,the separation selectivity of ethanol relative to water decreased as the distribution coefficient of ethanol increased.The separation selectivity with m-xylene was the largest among the employed solvents,but the distribution coefficient was the smallest.The solvent mixture of furfural and m-xylene showed relatively high distribution coefficient of ethanol and separation selectivity,even in the higher mass fraction of m-xylene in the solvent phase.The ethanol extraction with a countercurrent multistage extractor by a continuous operation was simulated to evaluate the extraction performance.The ethanol content could be concentrated in the extract phase with relatively small number of extraction stages but low yield of ethanol was obtained.     

散相液滴在搅拌萃取塔内的停留时间分布

A resident time model is proposed to evaluate the performance of agitated extraction columns. In this model, the resident time of dispersed drops is simulated with the discrete phase modeling, where the continuous phase and the dispersed phase （drops） are described by the single-phase Navier-Stokes （turbulence） model and Lagrangian model, respectively. The interaction of dispersed phase and continuous phase is neglected for the low concentration of drop in the cases studied. The statistical parameters of drops （the average resident time and standard deviation） under different operation conditions are computed for four columns. The relation of the above statistical parameters with the performance of columns is discussed and the criterions for an optimal compartment are outlined. Our results indicate that the resident time model is useful to evaluate the performance and optimize the design of extraction columns.     

Ultrasonically Assisted Extraction of Isoflavones from Stem of Pueraria lobata （Willd.） Ohwi and Its Mathematical Model

Ultrasonically assisted extraction of isoflavones from the stem of Pueraria lobata （Willd.） Ohwi has been carried out with an ultrasonic extracting apparatus （20kHz, electrical power input to the transducer in 0-650W）. The influence of the electrical power input and extraction time on the＇extraction yield is investigated in water, n-butanol, and 95% （by volume） and 50% （by volume） ethanol aqueous solution. The experimental results indicate that the yields of total isoflavones are higher in ultrasonically assisted extraction than those obtained from con-ventional extraction.Moreover,a mathematical model is proposed,by introducing the electrical power input to index the ultrsound intensity,to describe the behavior of ultrasonically assisted extraction.It is found that the model calcuations are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

Microwave-aided roasting for extraction of vanadium from stone coal

Low recovery rate,high energy consumption and serious pollution are existed in traditional processes of vanadium extraction.To seek a new process with high recovery rate,low energy consumption and less pollution discharge is of great significance.Microwave-aided roasting for vanadium extraction is an environmentally-friendly technology.Non-pollution roasting processes with additives following sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate,under microwave irradiation were investigated with stone coal.The valence variation of vanadium in oxidation roasting of the vanadium bearing stone coal was studied.The results showed that the oxidation process of vanadium was a stepwise process following V(Ⅲ)→V(Ⅳ)→V(Ⅴ).The roasted stone coal was characterized by XRD,SEM.Factors associated with extraction rate were investigated following roasting temperature,roasting time,microwave power,and amount of roasting additive.Comparing with conventional roasting process,the recovery rate was higher without air pollution.     

An experimental study of immiscible liquid–liquid dispersions in a pump–mixer of mixer–settler

Drop size distribution(DSD) or mean droplet size(d32) and liquid holdup are two key parameters in a liquid–liquid extraction process. Understanding and accurately predicting those parameters are of great importance in the optimal design of extraction columns as well as mixer–settlers. In this paper, the method of built-in endoscopic probe combined with pulse laser was adopted to measure the droplet size in liquid–liquid dispersions with a pump-impeller in a rectangular mixer. The dispersion law of droplets with holdup range 1% to 24% in batch process and larger flow ratio range 1/5 to 5/1 in continuous process was studied. Under the batch operation condition, the DSD abided by log-normal distribution. With the increase of impeller speed or decrease of dispersed phase holdup, the d32 decreased. In addition, a prediction model of d32 of kerosene/deionized system was established as d_(32)/D = 0.13(1 + 5.9φ)We~(-0.6). Under the continuous operation condition, the general model for droplet size prediction of kerosene/water system was presented as d_(32)/D = C_3(1 + C_4φ)We~(-0.6). For the surfactant system and extraction system, the prediction models met a general model as d_(32)/D = bφ~nWe~(-0.6).     

机械力强化作用下轻烧氧化镁碳化过程的传质与反应动力学研究

The carbonization of magnesium oxide particles by CO2 was investigated using a stirring mill reactor. The effects of the system temperature, stirring rotation speed, influx rate of CO2 and initial diameter of the magnesium oxide particles on the carbonization process were determined, The results show that the system temperature and the stirring rotation speed are the most significant influencing factors on the carbonization rate. The determi-nation of critical decomposition temperature (CDT) gives the maximum carbonization rate with other conditions fixed. A theoretical model involving mass transfer and reaction kinetics was presented for the carbonization process. The apparent activation energy was calculated to be 32.8kJ·mol-1. The carbonization process is co-controlled by diffusive mass transfer and chemical reaction. The model fits well with the experimental results.     

多层翼形桨搅拌槽内混合过程的CFD模拟

The mixing process in a stirred tank of 0.476m diameter with single, dual and triple 3-narrow blade hydrofoil CBY impellers was numerically simulated by using computational fluid dynamics （CFD） package FLU-ENT6.1. The multi-reference frame （MRF） and standard k-ε turbulent model were used in the simulation. The shaft power and the mixing time predicted by CFD were in good agreement with the experiment. The effects of tracer feeding and detecting positions on mixing time were investigated. The results are of importance to the optimum design of industrial stirred tank/reactors.     

煤矸石盐酸浸溶出铝铁的动力学研究（英文）

The extraction of aluminum from coal mining waste (CMW) is an important industrial process. The two major problems in applications are low aluminum dissolution efficiency and high iron content in the raw material, which affect the quantity and quality of products. To improve the aluminum recovery process, the leaching kinet-ics of CMW with hydrochloric acid was studied. A shrinking core model was used to investigate aluminum and iron dissolution kinetics. Based on the kinetic characteristics, a process for recovering aluminum was proposed and tested experimental y. It is found that the aluminum leaching reaction is controlled by surface reaction at low temperatures (40–80 °C) and by diffusion process at higher temperatures (90–106 °C). The iron dissolution process is dominated by surface reaction at 40–100 °C. The results show that iron could be dissolved or separated by concentrated hydrochloric acid. Fine grinding wil improve aluminum dissolution significantly.     

多级离心逆流萃取萘普生对映体模拟及实验研究

基于萘普生(NAP)对映体的单级手性萃取数学模型和质量守恒定律,建立了多级离心逆流萃取萘普生对映体数学模型。采用Matlab语言编写程序模拟了相比、萃取剂浓度、水相pH值等参数对萃取相出口对映体过剩量和产率的影响,并经实验研究对模型模拟进行验证。结果表明:采用中间进料,对映体浓度[R,S-NAP]=0.025 mol·L^-1、萃取剂浓度[C]=0.050 mol·L^-1、相比W/O=7、水相pH=2.5、温度T=5℃时,经10级离心逆流萃取后萃取相出口S-NAP对映体过剩量为45%,相应的产率60%,实验结果和模型模拟值符合得很好。     

超临界CO2萃取含油污泥研究现状与进展

含油污泥是一种含有大量有机物、絮状体的复杂多相稳定乳化胶体体系,主要来源于油气开采和集输过程。污泥中的含油量一般为10%~30%（体积分数）,利用超临界二氧化碳（supercritical CO₂,scCO₂）提取和回收其中的油基成分可实现污泥的无害化处理,并产生可观的经济效益。本文综述了scCO₂萃取原理及工业化应用情况,分析了萃取条件及携带剂对萃取率的影响,重点论述了scCO₂萃取含油污泥的相平衡热力学及动力学机制研究进展。指出应坚持实验与理论相结合的手段,着重开展以下三方面的研究：①针对含油污泥组成复杂、极性组分含量高的特点,结合scCO₂与含油污泥多组分复杂体系相平衡实验,建立scCO₂萃取含油污泥的相平衡模型,阐明scCO₂萃取含油污泥的相平衡特征及影响因素;②考虑不同分子间的键结合能与非键结合能,从scCO₂萃取油基的微观效应出发,探究油基与污泥基质间的吸附、解吸及扩散规律,定性描述、定量揭示scCO₂萃取油的动力学特征与作用机制;③考虑萃取工艺的经济性,以萃取率最高为目标函数,建立萃取条件优化模型,为scCO₂萃取含油污泥工艺的设计、优化及工业化应用提供理论与技术支撑。     

聚甲氧基二甲醚+水+正己烷三元体系的液液相平衡

聚甲氧基二甲醚（PODE_n）是一种极具应用前景的清洁柴油调和组分。研究了293.15 K、常压下PODE₁+水+正己烷、PODE₂+水+正己烷、PODE₃+水+正己烷、PODE₄+水+正己烷这4组三元体系的液液相平衡。PODE₁-4组分的萃取选择性系数S远大于1,表明正己烷作为萃取剂从水溶液中萃取PODE_1-4是可行的;经Hand结线关联检验,各体系的相平衡数据具有较高的一致性;采用NRTL和UNIQUAC热力学模型对相平衡数据进行拟合,均方根差计算（RMSD）结果和三元相图分析结果表明NRTL和UNIQUAC都能较好地描述三元体系的液液相平衡。     

Oxidative leaching kinetics of molybdenum-uranium ore in H2SO4 using H2O2 as an oxidizing agent

The processing of molybdenum-uranium ore in a sulfuric acid solution using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant has been investigated. The leaching temperature, hydrogen peroxide concentration, sulfuric acid concentration, leaching time, particle size, liquid-to-solid ratio and agitation speed all have significant effects on the process. The optimum process operating parameters were: temperature: 95°C; H₂O₂ concentration: 0.5 M; sulfuric acid concentration: 2.5 M; time: 2 h; particle size: 74 μm, liquid-to-solid ratio: 14 ∶ 1 and agitation speed: 600 rpm. Under these experimental conditions, the extraction efficiency of molybdenum was about 98.4%, and the uranium extraction efficiency was about 98.7%. The leaching kinetics of molybdenum showed that the reaction rate of the leaching process is controlled by the chemical reaction at the particle surface. The leaching process follows the kinetic model 1 ? (1?X)^1/3 = kt with an apparent activation energy of 40.40 kJ/mole. The temperature, concentrations of H₂O₂ and H₂SO₄ and the mesh size are the main factors that influence the leaching rate. The reaction order in H₂SO₄ was 1.0012 and in H₂O₂ it was 1.2544.     

疏水性离子液体-中性磷氧萃取剂萃取稀土元素的应用

液液萃取广泛应用于稀土元素的分离回收,为了便于相的分离,通常采用疏水性萃取剂。基于液液萃取的特性,通过微波辅助法合成了疏水性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐（[BMIM][PF₆]）。分别探究了[BMIM][PF₆]搭配不同中性磷氧萃取剂对稀土元素中Nd³⁺和Pr³⁺的萃取研究。结果表明1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐-三正辛基氧化磷（[BMIM][PF₆]-TOPO）为最适宜萃取体系。在最适宜萃取体系下,探究了时间、温度、pH值、V（A）/V（O）（水相稀土离子/有机相萃取体系）和萃取组分体积比对萃取效率的影响。结果表明：萃取时间为20 min、温度为25℃、pH值=6.0、V（A）/V（O）=1.0、V_[BMIM][PF6]：V_TOPO=1：1,体系对于Nd³⁺的萃取效果最佳,萃取率可达97.8%;萃取时间为25 min、温度为25℃、pH值=6.0、V（A）/V（O）=1.0、V_[BMIM][PF6]：V_TOPO=1：1,体系对于Pr³⁺的萃取效果最佳,萃取率可达94.2%;萃取过程为放热反应,反应焓变分别为ΔH（Nd³⁺）=-38.43 kJ·mol^-1,ΔH（Pr³⁺）=-28.76 kJ·mol^-1。     

丁二烯抽提工艺中离子液体添加剂的筛选及分离性能

提出以离子液体为第三组分的丁二烯抽提新工艺,通过考察不同结构的离子液体对C₄组分在复合萃取剂中相对挥发度的影响,并结合量化计算的方法,研究了该工艺中萃取剂和第三组分与C₄组分的相互作用机理,从而优选出适用于该工艺的离子液体添加剂[Emim][PF₆]。另外研究了该离子液体在工业条件下对C₄组分分离性能的影响,并对改进前后的工艺进行全流程模拟计算。结果表明：与现有乙腈法相比,离子液体的加入有利于提高C₄在新型萃取剂中的相对挥发度,具有很好的分离效果。含离子液体的新工艺可使能耗降低约6.62%,乙腈消耗量降低约24%,而且离子液体能够回收利用,回收率高达98%（质量分数）以上,因此基于离子液体的乙腈法抽提丁二烯新技术具有很好的工业应用前景。     

Application of hydrophobic ionic liquid [Bmmim][PF6] in solvent extraction for oily sludge

In this study, an ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-2,3-dimmmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmmim][PF₆]), was used in combination with a composite solvent of methyl acetate and n-heptane to enhance the oil extraction from oily sludge. The oil recovery increased by approximately 15% compared with that of solvent extraction without [Bmmim][PF₆] at the optimal ratios of IL to sludge and solvents to sludge, which were at 2:5 (M/M) and 4:1 (V/M), respectively. The saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene (SARA) analysis revealed that the recovery of resins and asphaltenes was increased by 14% and 38%, respectively, in the solvent extraction with the addition of [Bmmim][PF₆]. [Bmmim][PF₆] maintained a good performance after its reuse four times. The addition of [Bmmim][PF₆] changed the adhesion forces between oil and soil. The IL-assisted solvent extraction procedure followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model, while the unassisted solvent extraction procedure followed the pseudo first-order kinetic model. The results also demonstrated that [Bmmim][PF₆] decreased the solvent consumption by approximately 60% each time. Additionally, [Bmmim][PF₆] can be easily separated. The results suggested that enhancing the solvent extraction with this IL is a promising way to recover oil from oily sludge with a higher oil recovery rate and lower organic solvent consumption than those with the unassisted solvent extraction method.     

Study on extraction of thiophene from model gasoline with br?nsted acidic ionic liquids

Br?nsted acidic ionic liquids (ILs), N-methylimidazole hydrogen sulfate ([HMIm]HSO₄) and N-methylpyrrolidone hydrogen sulfate ([HNMP]HSO₄), are synthesized and employed as extractants to extract thiophene from model gasoline (thiophene dissolved in n-octane). The effect of extraction temperature, extraction time and volume ratio of ILs to model gasoline on desulfurization rates is investigated. Then, the optimal desulfurization conditions are obtained: the ratio of ILs to model gasoline is 1∶1, extraction temperature is 50°C for [HMIm]HSO₄ and 60°C for [HNMP]HSO₄, extraction time is 60 min. Meanwhile, the desulfurization rate of [HNMP]HSO₄ for model gasoline is 62.8%, which is higher than that of [HMIm]HSO₄ (55.5%) under optimal conditions. The reason is discussed on the basis of the interaction energy between thiophene and ILs at the B3LYP/6-311++ G(d,p) level. Furthermore, the total desulfurization rate of [HNMP]HSO₄ and [HMIm]HSO₄ reaches 96.4% and 94.4%, respectively, by multistage extraction. Finally, the used ILs can be reused by vacuum drying, and their desulfurization rates are not significantly decreased after recycling 7 times in single-stage desulfurization.     

超临界二氧化碳萃取葡萄籽油工艺优化

为了回收利用葡萄酒酿造过程产生的副产品中的有效成分,本文利用超临界CO₂萃取技术从葡萄籽中提取含有不饱和脂肪酸的葡萄籽油,意在考量超临界CO₂技术在萃取葡萄籽油方面的作用。设计单因素实验,研究了萃取压力、萃取温度、CO₂流量以及停留时间对葡萄籽油萃取率的影响。单因素实验结果表明萃取压力对萃取结果的影响最为显著。萃取温度和CO₂流量对萃取率的影响都存在最佳值,当温度和流量超过最佳值,萃取率开始降低。在单因素实验的基础上进行响应面实验,采用中心复合设计进行实验方案设计以优化萃取葡萄籽油工艺。对响应面实验结果进行方差分析,建立多元回归模型,模型P值<0.0001,预测超临界CO₂萃取葡萄籽油的最佳萃取条件为：萃取压力28MPa、萃取温度321 K、CO₂流量15.5L/h,停留时间155min,萃取率达到14.12%。