新颖磺胺类除草剂 pyrimisulfan

水稻是全球主要粮食作物之一。由于一些除草剂已被发现产生了抗性,特别是磺酰脲类除草剂。为此,极需开发新颖的水稻田用除草剂。日本组合化学公司曾成功地开发了水杨酸嘧啶类除草剂,其中包括用于水稻田的双草醚和嘧草醚。最近,该公司又与其他公司和研究所合作,成功开发了磺胺类除     

抗除草剂水稻品种的创制与发展

水稻是重要作物,杂草危害是稻作生产中的重要问题,随着除草剂的使用,抗性杂草成为问题。笔者评述了近年来抗除草剂水稻品种的创制与发展。     

新型磺酰脲除草剂ImazosuIfuron的开发

Imazosulfuron为新型的磺酰脲类除草剂,由武田药品工业公司开发。从众多已合成的具稠杂环结构并评价过除草活性的磺酰脲类化合物中,该公司根据药效、对水稻的选择性与安全性,选择了imazosulfuron加以开发,使之成为稻田除草剂。 1993年,imazosulfuron在日本获准登记并上市,目前广泛用于防治各种稻田杂草,包括已对多种除草剂出现持久抗性的莎草属杂草(Cyperus serotinus)和荸荠属杂草(Eleo-     

苯并噁嗪酮类芳香环取代化合物在水稻-稗草系统中作为生物合理性除草剂的筛选研究

水稻是重要的食物来源,占世界五分之一的谷物消费量。杂草是影响水稻产量的最严重因素,水稻田杂草的防除主要依靠化学除草剂,但连续地使用化学除草剂会对杂草产生选择压力,导致杂草抗性生物型的产生。为了防除这些抗性杂草,除草剂的用量就会不断地增加,     

抗除草剂作物的发展

抗草甘膦作物大量、广泛使用草甘膦会造成高选择性压力,促使杂草对草甘膦抗性的发展,因此面对草甘膦抗性与耐性杂草群落,不能长期单纯依靠草甘膦来治理杂草。笔者介绍了非草甘膦抗性作物的发展,如抗草铵膦、咪唑啉酮、磺酰脲、溴苯腈、环己烯二酮、HPDD以及PPO抗性作物;同时一些公司正在开发新的除草剂抗性作物技术,将草甘膦抗性与其它除草剂抗性结合在一起,而分子积累则可将除草剂抗性基因集中于相同基因构成中,从而易于获得多种性状并开发多抗性作物。     

杂草对ALS抑制剂的抗性及机理

当今，世界上有关杂草对除草剂抗性的文章已有280篇以上，其中有关对乙酰乳酸合成酶(即ALS)抑制剂抗性的报道亦达80篇之多，为各类除草剂之首。其已成为作物中杂草防除的一个重大问题。在日本，此问题在水稻中尤为突出，为此，必须充分了解其抗性机理，才能有效地克服和延缓抗性的发生。     

抗咪唑啉酮类除草剂作物的发展与未来

咪唑啉酮类除草剂是一类广谱除草剂,其作用靶标是乙酰羟酸合成酶。通过诱变与选择开发出一系列抗性作物,此类抗性作物不仅扩大了咪唑啉酮类除草剂的应用范围,而且还防止其对轮作中后茬作物的伤害。本文详述了咪唑啉酮抗性作物的现状及其发展。     

水稻农药市场及水稻除草剂开发

水稻为全球最重要粮食作物之一,水稻农药市场占作物农药10%以上份额。概述了全球水稻农药市场及水稻除草剂研发进展,重点介绍了最近开发和上市的部分除草剂产品。     

杂草对抑制乙酰辅酶A羧化酶除草剂的抗性及其利用

自从引入芳氧苯氧丙酸类与环己烯酮类除草剂后,其所抑制的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)成为除草剂作用的重要靶标,众多新品种被开发出来,而靶标抗性成为禾本科杂草的主要抗性机制。评述了禾本科杂草对芳氧苯氧丙酸与环己烯酮除草剂的抗性、交互抗性、多抗性及其治理与利用。     

抗除草剂作物的发展与未来

抗除草剂(特别是抗草甘膦)作物的发展使农民能够应用高效苗后除草剂防除杂草。随着抗草甘膦作物种植面积的扩大及草甘膦用量增加导致抗性杂草的不断增多,既抗草甘膦又抗其它除草剂的抗性作物的开发与利用,将成为未来杂草治理系统中的一种重要措施。     

Effect of steam distillate extracts of selected resistant cultivated and wild rices on behavior of leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Rice plant volatiles extracted as steam distillates significantly affected the behavior of the rice leaffolder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée). Leaffolder moths laid significantly fewer eggs on TN1 rice plants treated with extracts of resistant wild species of rice,Oryza officinalis andOryza punctata, than on TN1 plants treated with extracts of resistant cultivated rices. Extracts ofO. officinalis andO. punctata adversely affected egg hatchability.O. officinalis andO. punctata extracts were more toxic to first-instar larvae than extracts of other resistant varieties. Leaf area consumed by the larvae was reduced on TN1 plants treated withO. officinalis andO. punctata extracts compared with that on plants treated with extracts of resistant cultivated rice varieties.     

菊酯农药防治水稻螟虫的技术探讨

分析水稻螟虫的行为特性和拟除虫菊酯类农药在水稻植株上的行为趋势,探讨使用菊酯类农药防治水稻螟虫的技术要点。认为使用对稻飞虱有特效的农药品种或种植抗稻飞虱的水稻品种,能有效控制因使用菊酯类农药而引起的稻飞虱的再生猖獗。     

抗旱剂FA旱地龙在水稻上的应用研究

研究了黄腐酸类抗旱剂ＦＡ旱地龙在水稻上的应用。讨论了施用ＦＡ旱地龙后对水稻的生长发育、抗干旱能力、产量的影响。结果表明：水稻施用ＦＡ旱地龙后，有抗旱增产效果，增产幅度可达５％～１０％，最高达１５７％。     

Influence of postharvest drying conditions on resistant starch content and quality of non-waxy long-grain rice (Oryza sativa L.)

This study investigated the effect of postharvest drying conditions on resistant starch (RS) content and quality of rice. Paddy was subjected to hot-air drying at 40, 65, 90, and 115°C, and sun drying. Drying conditions altered head rice yield, RS and overall firmness of cooked rice, and some pasting properties of rice flour. No significant variation in RS of uncooked rice and surface firmness of cooked rice was observed among the samples. However, RS of cooked rice from sun drying was lower than the others. Higher temperature in hot-air drying resulted in a slightly increase in RS of cooked rice.     

Studies on changes in fatty acid composition and content of endogenous antioxidants during γ irradiation of rice seeds

Accelerated aging effects, induced by y irradiation, were investigated on the fatty acid composition of lipids and on the content of endogenous antioxidants of four Indica and four Japonica rice seeds with and without intact hull. While the linoleic acid content of the phospholipids decreased gradually with the increase in irradiation doses, there was a corresponding increase in the linoleic acid content of the free fatty acids. Such changes were drastic, especially in the case of Japonica rice seeds irradiated without intact hull. However, the neutral lipids were found to be resistant to γ irradiation. The α-tocopherol content was found to decrease (markedly) in rice seeds irradiated with or without hull, especially in the Japonica rice seeds. At a dose of 15 kGy only traces of a-tocopherol could be detected in Japonica and Indica rice seeds irradiated with and without intact hull. Oryzanol, a relatively weaker anti-oxidant, was found to be more resistant to oxidative damage than a-tocopherol. At 15 kGy, the oryzanol content ranged from 59 μg to 170 μg/g lipid in rice seeds irradiated with intact hull, while the corresponding value for rice seeds irradiated without hull was 52 μg to 153 μg/g lipid. The overall susceptibility to oxidative damage was less in Indica rice seeds, indicating that the antioxidative defense system offered better protection in overcoming oxidative stress in Indica rice hull than in Japonica rice hull.     

Bio-Efficacy of Chrysoeriol7, a Natural Chemical and Repellent,against Brown Planthopper in Rice

Brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) is the most damaging rice pest affecting stable rice yields worldwide. Currently, methods for controlling BPH include breeding a BPH-resistant cultivar and using synthetic pesticides. Nevertheless, the continuous cultivation of resistant cultivars allows for the emergence of various resistant races, and the use of synthetic pesticides can induce environmental pollution as well as the emergence of unpredictable new pest species. As plants cannot migrate to other locations on their own to combat various stresses, the production of secondary metabolites allows plants to protect themselves from stress and tolerate their reproduction. Pesticides using natural products are currently being developed to prevent environmental pollution and ecosystem disturbance caused by synthetic pesticides. In this study, after BPH infection in rice, chrysoeriol7 (C7), a secondary metabolite that induces resistance against BPH, was assessed. After C7 treatment and BPH infection, relative expression levels of the flavonoid-related genes were elevated, suggesting that in plants subjected to BPH, compounds related to flavonoids, among the secondary metabolites, play an important role in inducing resistance. The plant-derived natural compound chrysoeriol7 can potentially thus be used to develop environmentally friendly pesticides. The suggested control of BPH can be effectively used to alleviate concerns regarding environmental pollution and to construct a relatively safe rice breeding environment.     

中国水稻害虫发生与防治研究进展

本文介绍了我国水稻害虫发生的种类，主要稻虫的种群消长，对水稻危害的损失，在各个不同年代，通过研究和防治，总结出对抗虫品种评价与利用的研究发展迅速，新农药的试验开发效果明显。７０年代以来，按我国稻区生态条件和稻虫为害的特点，形成了江淮、太湖平原、川西平原、洞庭湖平原和珠江三角洲五大稻区的水稻病虫综合防治技术体系，主要技术路线是以农业防治为基础，抗性品种为主体，依靠经济防治指标，协调农药防治和利用天敌     

XinanⅠ介导的草甘膦高抗转基因水稻的研究

通过农杆菌介导的转化方法,将携带草甘膦抗性基因xinanⅠ的农杆菌分别侵染粳稻品种豫农粳与方欣4号愈伤组织,通过2轮2 mmol/L草甘膦筛选获得抗性愈伤组织,再经过诱导和分化得到了转基因水稻幼苗。对转基因幼苗进行xinanⅠ基因特异性PCR分析和草甘膦抗性筛选,结果表明,豫农粳与方欣4号抗性愈伤组织分化的幼苗的PCR阳性率分别是75.1%和72.0%,草甘膦抗性筛选阳性率分别为52.7%和49.4%。进一步对转基因植株进行抗性分析表明,草甘膦抗性基因xinanⅠ在水稻中可以高效表达,并赋予水稻高水平草甘膦抗性,T0代转基因植株经1.6%草甘膦溶液处理后仍然可以正常生长发育。     

The effect of parboiled rice on glycemia in Wistar rats

Starch is an important energy source and can represent more than 60% of the calories of the human diet. The starch fraction resistant to enzymatic digestion is called resistant starch. When rice is parboiled, the starch retrogrades with the formation of type 3-resistant starch (retrograded), which presents beneficial effects on the health, since it acts as a prebiotic. In the present study three types of rice were selected, with high, medium and low amylose contents, with the objective of evaluating the effects of conventional and parboiled rice on glycemia in Wistar rats. The samples with high and medium amylose contents were soaked for 6 h at 65 degrees C, and the low amylose sample for 7 h at 70 degrees C. The samples were subsequently autoclaved for 10 minutes at 0.7kgf x cm(-2). Six male Wistar rats were used for each treatment. Seven experimental diets were elaborated, formulated according to AIN-93M, the control diet and diets substituting the carbohydrate source with conventional or parboiled rice. Resistant starch was determined in the diets and glycemia monitored using glucose paper strips, the sample being blood obtained from the distal part of the rat's tail. For the glycemic curve, glycemia was measured in the fasting state and during 90 minutes post-prandial. The results indicated there were no significant differences between the diets formulated with high, medium and low amylose, parboiled or conventionally prepared, with respect to fasting or post-prandial glycemia in Wistar rats.     

沿江地区水稻穗颈瘟关键防控技术的研究

防治穗颈瘟的配套关键技术是推广种植抗稻瘟病或耐病的水稻品种;掌握穗颈瘟防治的最佳适期,即在水稻破口抽穗5%~10%时突击用药;隔5~7 d再用药1次;防治方法、药剂及用量分别为25%吡唑醚菌酯EC 70 mL、45%肟菌己唑醇WG 20 g、10%嘧菌酯CS 90 g、20%三环唑WP 100~120 g、20%井·烯·三环唑WP 150 g。提倡低容量喷雾、推广弥雾机或低水量细喷雾,水量少,浓度高,雾滴细,粘着力强,效果好。