2,4-二氯苯丁酮合成工艺研究

以间二氯苯、正丁酰氯为反应原料,采用傅克反应机理合成2,4-二氯苯丁酮。考察投料比、加料温度、反应温度等因素对2,4-二氯苯丁酮收率的影响;结果表明,最佳反应条件为间二氯苯∶三氯化铝∶正丁酰氯的摩尔比为1.5∶1.5∶1,加料温度40℃、加料时间0.5 h,反应温度110℃,反应时间2 h,最终所得产品的收率可达94.4%。     

2,4-二氯苯基丁酮合成工艺优化

2,4-二氯苯基丁酮是一种重要的农药、医药中间体,其合成路线包括氧化法、格氏反应、傅克酰基化法等四种路线,存在原料成本高、反应选择性差等问题。傅克酰基化法由于其原料易得,且选择性强是目前合成的主要工艺,但存在收率较低问题。采用傅克酰基化法,以正丁酰氯、间二氯苯、三氯化铝为原料,利用单因素进行了工艺探索,在单因素试验结果基础上利用响应面法对工艺进行了优化,最优条件为:滴加温度=9.3℃,n(正丁酰氯)∶n(间二氯苯)=1.17,n(三氯化铝)∶n(正丁酰氯)=1.11时,产品收率可达69.53%。     

O-2,4-二氯苯甲基羟胺盐酸盐的合成

以丁酮肟和2,4-二氯氯苄为原料合成了O-2,4-二氯苯甲基丁酮肟醚,再用盐酸水解得到了O-2,4-二氯苯甲基羟胺盐酸盐。文章系统研究了反应温度、不同溶剂、溶剂含水量等各种实验因素对O-2,4-二氯苯甲基丁酮肟醚合成的影响,研究了盐酸浓度、原料配比等因素对O-2,4-二氯苯甲基丁酮肟醚水解工艺的影响。两步收率最高分别为94.5%和85.0%。产物熔点为167.7～169.9℃。     

β-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酰氯的合成研究

以β-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸甲酯为原料,通过水解反应和酰氯合成反应合成了抗氧剂中间体β-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酰氯。对酰氯合成条件进行了研究,得出优惠反应条件为:以氯仿作溶剂、β-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸0.02mol、二氯亚砜0.054mol、反应温度50℃、反应时间5h,优惠条件下产品的收率为98.9%。     

对氟苯丁酮的合成

以氟苯和正丁酰氯为原料合成了对氟苯丁酮。最佳合成条件为：正丁酰氯与氟苯的摩尔配比是１．４∶１,催化剂无水三氯化铝与氟苯的摩尔比是２．５∶１,溶剂二硫化碳用量为每摩尔氟苯加２５０ｍｌ,反应温度是４５℃,反应时间是６ｈ,对氟苯丁酮的产率高达６８．１％。并用红外光谱和元素分析对其产物结构进行了表征。     

2,4-二氯苯异氰酸酯的清洁工艺合成研究

以双(三氯甲基)碳酸酯为原料制备2,4-二氯苯基异氰酸酯,研究了反应时间、温度、物料配比、催化剂用量对2,4-二氯苯基异氰酸酯产率的影响,并以反应温度、反应时间、物料配比为考察因素,采用RSM响应面分析法,确定了2,4-二氯苯基异氰酸酯制备的最佳工艺参数,即反应时间为2.76h、反应温度为67.41℃、物料配比n(2,4-二氯苯胺)∶n(双(三氯甲基)碳酸酯)为0.14∶1。在此优化工艺下2,4-二氯苯基异氰酸酯产率预测值为39.07%,验证实验中实际测得2,4-二氯苯基异氰酸酯产率为38.01%,预测值与实际值无显著差异。     

医药中间体对氟苯丁酮的合成研究

在催化剂存在下,以对氟苯甲酸、丁酸为原料合成对氟苯丁酮,分别研究了缩合反应温度及反应时间、脱羧反应温度及反应时间、原料配比和催化剂用量等条件对合成对氟苯丁酮反应的影响,确定了最适宜的操作条件。该方法合成对氟苯丁酮的最佳操作条件是:缩合反应温度为165℃、缩合反应时间8.5h;脱羧反应温度为280～285℃、脱羧反应时间2.5h;n(丁酸):n(对氟苯甲酸)=0.7:0.1;催化剂还原铁粉的用量为2.5g(对氟苯甲酸为0.1mol的情况下)。对氟苯丁酮的收率可达到88.53%以上,产品纯度99.0%。     

2-甲基-2-羟基-1-苯基-1-丁酮的合成

首先由2-甲基丁酸、氯化亚砜,合成了2-甲基丁酰氯,其次,以无水三氯化铝为催化剂,苯与2-甲基丁酰氯反应合成了2-甲基-1-苯基-1-丁酮,当催化剂用量为22 g,2-甲基丁酰氯的滴加时间为1.5 h,苯与2-甲基丁酰氯物质量的比为5.0∶1时,收率为92.6%。最后在氢氧化钠水溶液中,以四氯化碳为氯化试剂,四丁基溴化铵为相转移催化剂,将2-甲基-1-苯基-1-丁酮直接氯代和水解制得2-甲基-2-羟基-1-苯基-1-丁酮。当四氯化碳的用量为12 mL,四丁基溴化铵用量为6 g,氢氧化钠浓度为17%,反应时间为6 h时,产品的收率可达90.3%。通过元素分析、红外光谱分析、质谱对产品进行了结构表征。     

光气路线合成4-氯丁酰氯

介绍了以γ -丁内酯为原料 ,通过光气化反应制备 4 -氯丁酰氯的方法 ,对主要的影响作了考察 ,优惠工艺条件 :光化反应温度 135℃ ,反应时间 10h ,γ -丁内酯与光气的配比为 1∶1 1(mol/mol) ,催化剂用量 5 %,反应收率 95 %。     

相转移催化合成1-(2,4-二氯苯基)-2-(1-咪唑基)-乙醇的研究

以1-(2,4-二氯苯基)-2-氯-乙醇和咪唑为原料,采用聚乙二醇-400作相转移催化剂合成了1-(2,4-二氯苯基)-2-(1-咪唑基)-乙醇。通过正交试验法考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对1-(2,4-二氯苯基)-2-(1-咪唑基)-乙醇收率的影响,确定了最佳的工艺条件。结果表明,聚乙二醇-400使反应选择性高、条件温和、操作简便,收率可达84.6%。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.