N-甲基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的合成

介绍了以苯酐、甲胺为原料，以甲苯为溶剂合成N-甲基-邻苯二甲酰亚胺的方法。初步探讨了反应时间、原料配比等对反应的影响，优化了工艺条件，降低了成本。     

一锅法合成N-烯丙基邻苯二甲酰亚胺

以邻苯二甲酰亚胺和烯丙基氯为原料,采用一锅法合成,经红外和核磁氢谱表征,确定该产物为N-烯丙基邻苯二甲酰亚胺。考察原料配比、反应时间、反应温度、溶剂对产物收率的影响,得到优化反应条件:n(烯丙基氯)∶n(邻苯二甲酰亚胺)=1.5∶1,在60℃下反应12 h,N-烯丙基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的收率可高达88.5%。     

邻苯二甲酰亚胺与N-羟甲基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的合成研究

邻苯二甲酰亚胺的合成原料为苯酐与尿素,以邻二甲苯为溶剂,对影响邻苯二甲酰亚胺产率的反应条件进行了探究。合成N-羟甲基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的原料是邻苯二甲酰亚胺与甲醛,以去离子水作为溶剂。结果表明:n(苯酐)∶n(尿素)∶n(邻二甲苯)=1∶0.65∶3,反应时长为120min,反应温度为133℃,邻苯二甲酰亚胺的产率最高,产率为93.2%;n(邻苯二甲酰亚胺)∶n(甲醛)=1∶1.2,反应的时长为7 h,反应的温度为101℃,N-羟甲基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的产率最高,可达91.3%。     

4-硝基-N-甲基-邻苯二甲酰亚胺的合成新工艺研究

研究了以甲苯为溶剂，邻苯二甲酸酐、甲胺、硝酸为原料合成4—硝基—N—甲基—邻苯二甲酰亚胺的方法，讨论了反应温度、溶剂、原料配比和反应时间等对反应产率的影响。结果表明：n(邻苯二甲酸酐)：n(甲胺)=1：1．25，在回流下反应5h，苯酐转化率达95％，N—甲基—邻苯二甲酰亚胺收率为94％。N—甲基—邻苯二甲酰亚胺硝化工艺为：n(N—甲基—邻苯二甲酰亚胺)：n(硝酸)=1：1．1，混酸配比为n(浓硫酸)：n(硝酸)=3：1，在20～25℃、0．5h内加完，然后在55～60℃反应4h，可得4—硝基—N—甲基—邻苯二甲酰亚胺。其含量为98％，收率81％。通过红外光谱对产品进行了表征。     

N-(2-溴乙基)-邻苯二甲酰亚胺的合成研究

西他沙星是一广谱喹诺酮类抗菌药,N-(2-溴乙基)-邻苯二甲酰亚胺是其重要的中间体,以自制N-(2-羟乙基)-邻苯二甲酰亚胺和氢溴酸为原料,硫酸为脱水剂合成研究,探讨了原料配比、反应温度、反应时间等反应条件,结果表明合成的最佳条件为原料N-(2-羟乙基)-邻苯二甲酰亚胺与HBr的投料比为2∶9,HBr与浓硫酸的用量比为27∶10,反应温度72℃,反应时间12 h,反应收率可达82%,产品经红外图谱和质谱分析,结果证明产品为目标产物。     

N-苯基邻苯二甲酰亚胺在离子液体中的合成

研究了以1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([bmim]BF4)为反应溶剂进行N-苯基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的合成方法,通过改变反应时间和温度以及反应物配比等条件,确定了反应的较优条件.以[bmim]BF4为反应溶剂,苯胺和苯酐物质的量配比为1.2,在110 ℃下反应2 h的产率可达94%.该法能简化产物分离,实现了N-苯基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的高效绿色合成.     

K2CO3催化合成N-丙炔基邻苯二甲酰亚脏

用邻苯二甲酰亚胺和3-氯丙炔反应制备N-丙炔基邻苯二甲酰亚胺.以正交实验设计的方法对N-丙炔基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的合成反应温度、反应时间、投料比以及相转移催化剂进行工艺条件优化,得出最佳工艺条件是反应温度60 ℃、反应时间6 h、n(邻苯二甲酰亚胺)∶n(碳酸钾)∶n(四丁基氯化铵)为1∶1.25∶0.05,收率91.7%.     

3,3＇,4,4＇-二苯醚二酐的合成工艺研究

以N-甲基-4-硝基邻苯二甲酰亚胺为起始原料,二甲基亚砜为溶剂,亚硝酸钾为催化剂进行偶联反应,所得偶联产物经水解、酸析、无水化合成3,3＇,4,4＇二苯醚二酐。对影响偶联反应的因素反应温度和反应时间进行了考察,通过优化反应条件,确定了最佳反应温度为165℃,最佳反应时间为11h,偶联产物的质量收率最高为43%。     

K_2CO_3催化合成N-丙炔基邻苯二甲酰亚胺

用邻苯二甲酰亚胺和3-氯丙炔反应制备N-丙炔基邻苯二甲酰亚胺。以正交实验设计的方法对N-丙炔基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的合成反应温度、反应时间、投料比以及相转移催化剂进行工艺条件优化,得出最佳工艺条件是反应温度60℃、反应时间6h、n(邻苯二甲酰亚胺)∶n(碳酸钾)∶n(四丁基氯化铵)为1∶1.25∶0.05,收率91.7%。     

N-丙烯酰基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的合成研究

以丙烯酰氯和邻苯二甲酰亚胺钾盐为原料,丙酮为溶剂,合成N-丙烯酰基邻苯二甲酰亚胺。考察了反应原料配比、反应温度和反应时间对反应产率的影响。结果表明,优化反应条件为:n(丙烯酰氯)∶n(邻苯二甲酰亚胺钾盐)=4∶1,在28℃下反应8 h,N-丙烯酰基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的产率为54%。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.