两级节流双循环耦合冰箱节能研究

双循环耦合冰箱在系统耦合运行时,冷冻循环冷凝压力下降,冷凝器出口制冷剂未完全冷凝,冷藏循环提供的冷量被用来处理未完全冷凝的制冷剂,系统难以发挥设计的节能能力。为解决该问题,本文提出一种两级节流双循环耦合系统,在冷冻冷凝器和耦合过冷器之间添加节流装置,使系统能够发挥相应的节能作用。本文制冷剂选取R600a,在环境温度为25℃,冷冻室温度为-18℃的条件下,通过Matlab模拟系统实际运行状态并搭建实验装置进行验证。研究结果表明：在设计工况下,系统单独运行和耦合运行均能够保证冰箱稳定运行,同时耦合运行状态的COP比独立运行状态提升约9%。     

过冷度对地热发电非共沸工质有机朗肯循环热力性能的影响

有机朗肯循环（organic Rankine cycle,ORC）是利用中低温地热能（< 150℃）发电的主要途径,在实际运行中,非共沸工质往往会冷凝至过冷状态。分析了冷凝过冷度对非共沸工质ORC热力性能的影响,建立了ORC、内回热（internal heat exchanger,IHE）ORC的热力学模型,以净输出功最大为目标函数优化了工质的蒸发压力,并开展了系统的㶲分析。结果表明：过冷度影响了工质与冷源换热流体间的温度匹配特性,受夹点温差的限制,随着过冷度的增加,工质的冷凝压力上升;过冷度亦改变了预热器和蒸发器的热量分摊,随着过冷度的增加,最佳蒸发压力亦上升。混合工质异丁烷/异戊烷的质量配比为0.4：0.6时,净输出功受过冷度的影响最大,当过冷度为2℃时,净输出功下降了4.36%。IHE回收膨胀机排汽的余热,提高了预热器入口温度,可提高过冷ORC系统净输出功0.55%。过冷度增大了冷凝器的㶲损失;采用内回热冷凝器的㶲损失降低了24.7%。     

浸润式制冰系统和滑落式制冰系统能量分析

利用CoolPack软件对滑落式制冰系统和浸润式制冰系统进行分析,利用能量分析法对比评价两制冰系统中压缩机、冷凝器、节流阀、蒸发器的能量利用情况,并分析过冷度、过热度、蒸发温度、冷凝温度对整个系统损率和效率的影响。结果表明,浸润式制冰系统的效率较滑落式制冰系统提高约11.27%,制冷量提高约4.12%,适当降低蒸发器出口过热度、提高冷凝器出口过冷度、降低冷凝温度、提高蒸发温度均有利于提高机组性能。     

R290直接接触冷凝制冷循环性能分析对比

本文分析了R290直接接触冷凝(DCC)制冷循环的性能,并与R290常规单级压缩制冷循环的热力性能进行对比,得出:在最佳主循环冷凝温度下,R290直接接触冷凝制冷循环可获得最大性能系数和最低冷凝器热负荷。主循环过冷液体的过冷度增大,最优性能系数降低、最低冷凝器热负荷增加、蒸发器的制冷剂质量流量减少,同时,获得最优性能系数和最低冷凝器热负荷的最佳主循环冷凝温度升高。当蒸发温度为-15～-6℃,R290直接接触冷凝制冷循环相比R290单级压缩制冷循环的性能系数提高了7.5%～14.9%,冷间供冷设备蒸发器的制冷剂质量流量减少了26.5%～36.7%,冷凝器热负荷减少了1.5%～3.7%。结果表明R290直接接触冷凝制冷循环具有很好的发展前景。     

机械过冷跨临界CO_2热泵供暖系统性能分析

采用辅助的蒸气压缩循环进行过冷,可改善传统跨临界CO_2热泵系统用于冬季供暖性能。本文通过构建机械过冷跨临界CO_2热泵系统的热力模型,分析了机械过冷跨临界CO_2热泵系统供暖工况下的运行特性,结果表明:机械过冷CO_2热泵系统存在最大COP,对应最优排气压力和过冷度,标准工况下比常规CO_2系统能效提高15.9%。该系统可有效解决常规CO_2热泵回水温度过高导致COP迅速衰减的问题,当回水温度由40℃升至50℃时,常规系统COP下降16.9%,而机械过冷热泵系统COP仅下降8.4%。通过改进可有效降低CO_2压缩机的排气压力和温度,且供水温度越低排气压力降低效果越显著。机械过冷循环工质的选取会影响系统整体性能,选取的11种过冷循环工质中能效最高的为R717,最低的为R1234yf。在低环境温度工况下性能的提升更加明显,通过配置小型常规工质蒸气压缩循环即可实现CO_2热泵系统性能显著改进,经济性优势明显。     

空调器毛细管与充灌量匹配实验研究

实验测定了毛细管长度和制冷剂充灌量对空调器系统的蒸发压力、蒸发温度、冷凝压力、冷凝温度、整机功率和电流、制冷系统的制冷量和能效比以及蒸发器过热度、冷凝器过冷度的影响,得到毛细管长度和充灌量间的最佳匹配关系。     

家用空调系统制冷剂充注量的研究

对1台制冷量为2.5kW的家用空调器进行研究,建立该空调器稳态分布参数仿真模型。研究系统中各部件的制冷剂分布情况：冷凝器中制冷剂分布最多,随着充注量的增大,冷凝器中制冷剂量增大,份额由38.6%变化到62.1%,而其他部件中制冷剂量基本保持不变。从各部件充注量变化的角度分析充注量与系统其他参数之间的关系：当充注量增加时,系统冷凝温度、冷凝压力、排气温度、过冷度增加,蒸发压力略有下降,质量流量减小,COP值先增后减。重点研究充注量、COP和过冷度3者的平衡关系。     

机房空调负落差长连管系统膨胀阀前过冷度研究

机房空调在负落差长连管安装方式下会产生启动时低压报警和过冷度较小等问题,对机组运行的稳定性、可靠性和性能产生影响。本文理论计算R407C制冷剂名义工况下不同负落差时膨胀阀前过冷度和压缩机排气压力,发现膨胀阀前过冷度与负落差呈负相关关系,制冷剂在膨胀阀中可能会闪发。基于此,采用带储液罐的空调机组,试验分析储液罐分别位于冷凝器出口处和膨胀阀进口处时膨胀阀前的过冷度,结果表明,储液罐位于膨胀阀进口处可以有效保障膨胀阀前过冷度并降低压缩机排气压力。     

采用非共沸混合工质机械过冷的跨临界CO_2制冷循环性能分析

本文提出了非共沸混合工质机械过冷跨临界CO_2制冷循环。在最优排气压力和最优过冷度下循环取得最大COP。最大COP、最优排气压力和过冷度与混合制冷剂的温度滑移密切相关。当选取合理温度滑移的混合工质作为机械过冷循环的制冷剂时,可明显提升CO_2制冷循环能效,降低排气压力。与基本CO_2制冷循环相比,在蒸发温度为-40℃、环境温度为35℃时,采用R32/R152a(40/60)循环总COP可提升46.53%,CO_2排气压力可降低2.758 MPa。总COP的提升程度受混合制冷剂的温度滑移影响显著,推荐机械过冷循环使用温度滑移合理的混合制冷剂。在温暖和炎热的气候地区及冷冻冷藏等低温应用领域,采用非共沸混合制冷剂机械过冷跨临界CO_2制冷循环整体性能的提升更加显著。     

基于半导体热电原理的空调过冷器

空调系统的过冷度影响着整个系统效率及制冷量,增加系统过冷度的传统方式是增加冷凝器的和换热面积,从而导致系统成本提高及体积增加。本文设计了基于半导体热电原理的过冷器,并进行了实验对比。结果表明,采用设计的过冷器可使冷凝器出口过冷度提高1.5℃,系统COP提高6.5%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.