木粉表面改性对聚氯乙烯/木粉复合材料性能的影响

选用不同偶联剂对木粉(WF)进行表面改性。对聚氯乙烯/木粉(PVC/WF)复合材料力学性能测试结果表明,异氰酸酯偶联剂更适合对WF的表面改性。WF经异氰酸酯偶联剂处理后疏水性得到明显改善。随WF填充量增加,PVC/WF复合材料冲击强度和线性热膨胀系数下降,吸水率和维卡软化温度上升,并且异氰酸酯偶联剂处理WF填充的PVC/WF复合材料(PVC/WF-1)各种性能都较未处理WF填充的PVC/WF复合材料(PVC/WF-2)好。填充30份时,PVC/WF-1复合材料的拉伸强度比纯PVC提高约10%,吸水率小于0.6%,维卡软化温度比PVC提高2.9℃,线性热膨胀系数从PVC的8.55×10-5℃-1降低到6.01×10-5℃-1。扫描电镜观察结果证明异氰酸酯偶联剂处理WF有利于提高WF与PVC基体的界面相互作用。     

蒙脱土/硅烷改性木粉/PVC复合材料

用硅烷YH-62 对木粉(WF) 和插层蒙脱土(OMMT) 进行表面改性, 熔融共混挤出制备了OMMT/ 硅烷改性木粉(STWF) / 聚氯乙烯( PVC) 复合材料。分析了硅烷改性和添加蒙脱土含量对材料力学性能的影响。用X射线衍射(XRD) 、透射电镜( TEM) 和扫描电镜(SEM) 观察了蒙脱土的插层和分散效果, 用傅立叶红外光谱( FTIR) 、X 射线光电子能谱(XPS) 研究了硅烷改性效果, 分析了表面接枝反应机理。结果表明, 硅烷偶联剂与木粉形成了有效的化学键, 并能够与OMMT 表面产生化学连接, 改善木粉与PVC 及蒙脱土间的界面相容性, 提高了木塑材料的力学性能。在适量加入OMMT 后, 木塑材料的力学性能得到了进一步改善。但含量过高, 会形成厚界面层, 甚至使OMMT 和木粉团聚, 分布不均匀, 引起性能降低。      

竹炭和壳聚糖对聚氯乙烯基木塑复合材料界面性能的影响

以杨木粉为填充材料,聚氯乙烯（PVC）为基体材料,添加竹炭和壳聚糖,采用挤出成型制备竹炭和壳聚糖改性木粉/PVC木塑复合材料,采用SEM观察复合材料表面微观形貌,采用综合热分析仪分析复合材料的热稳定性,采用FTIR分析其官能团变化,测试了木粉/PVC木塑复合材料的力学性能。结果表明:复合添加竹炭和壳聚糖可较好地改善木粉和PVC的界面作用力和界面相容性,提高复合材料的力学性能,其拉伸强度、冲击强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别比未添加增加14.6%、28.8%、11.1%和4.85%,且复合材料的微观界面缺陷较少;竹炭可提高复合材料的热稳定性,复合添加竹炭和壳聚糖可增加复合材料中羟基、氨基和亚甲基的数量,减弱碳氯键的结合强度,从而增强复合材料中木粉和PVC的界面结合力。      

木粉粒径和填量对木塑复合材料力学性能影响研究

采用聚氯乙烯(PVC)树脂和桉木粉(WF)制得PVC木塑复合材料。研究了木粉粒径和填量对PVC木塑复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内复合材料的拉伸强度随着木粉粒径的减小先升高后降低,随着木粉填量的增加先降低后升高然后趋于平稳;冲击强度随着木粉粒径的减小先升高后降低,随着木粉填量的增加而降低。当木粉粒径为70～80目,木粉填量为20%(质量分数)时,所得复合材料的力学性能最佳。     

蒙脱土填充木塑复合材料的弯曲性能和蠕变特性

对蒙脱土进行有机插层改性制得有机蒙脱土(OMMT),用硅烷接枝木粉制备了有机蒙脱土/木粉/聚氯乙烯(OMMT/WF/PVC)纳米复合材料。加入的接枝木粉与OMMT分散在界面上起增强作用,有助于提高复合材料性能。用质量分数1.5%的偶联剂处理木粉,添加质量分数1.5%的OMMT时,复合材料的弯曲性能和抗蠕变性最好。用KWW模型和广义Voigt模型分析了蠕变曲线。     

短切碳纤维表面处理对木粉/高密度聚乙烯复合材料性能的影响

木粉（WF）填充增强高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）复合材料具有良好的环境效益,少量引入短切碳纤维（SCF）可进一步提高其力学性能。为改善SCF与WF/HDPE复合材料中塑料基体的界面结合,提高SCF在WF/HDPE复合材料中的增强作用,采用气相、液相及气液双效氧化3种表面处理方式处理SCF,通过挤出工艺制备短切碳纤维增强木粉/高密度聚乙烯复合材料（SCF-WF/HDPE）,探讨了不同处理方法对SCF-WF/HDPE复合材料性能的影响。SEM观察显示,表面处理增大了SCF的表面粗糙度,可提高其与基体的界面结合;动态力学性能分析证实碳纤维提高了存储模量。测试结果表明：表面处理过的短切碳纤维可使SCF-WF/HDPE复合材料的力学性能、热力学性能和蠕变性能均得到显著提高,其中气相表面处理的效果最好。对比WF/HDPE复合材料,SCF-WF/HDPE的拉伸强度提高了34.5%,弯曲强度提高了23%,冲击强度提高了54.7%。     

聚乙二醇改性相变微胶囊制备MicroPCMs-WF/HDPE复合材料物理力学性能

以正十二烷醇（DA）为芯材,密胺树脂（MF）和聚乙二醇改性密胺（PMF）树脂为壁材制备了相变微胶囊（MicroPCMs）,并分别添加到木粉/高密度聚乙烯（WF/HDPE）复合材料中,获得了具有相变蓄热能力的MicroPCMs-WF/HDPE复合材料。采用SEM、FTIR和纳米压痕等方法对MicroPCMs的表面形态、力学性能进行了分析与表征,同时对MicroPCMs-WF/HDPE复合材料的物理力学及热性能进行了测试。结果表明:经聚乙二醇改性后,改性微胶囊（PMF-MicroPCMs）的弹性模量和硬度较未改性微胶囊（MF-MicroPCMs）分别增加了13.9%和30.0%;MicroPCMs-WF/HDPE复合材料的熔融温度区间（22.2~28.7℃）满足人体舒适温度范围,较纯WF/HDPE复合材料温度变化速率明显减缓;相比纯WF/HDPE复合材料,MicroPCMs-WF/HDPE复合材料的吸湿性、冲击强度和表面硬度增加,弯曲和拉伸性能下降;PMF-MicroPCMs-WF/HDPE复合材料的性能均优于MF-MicroPCMs-WF/HDPE复合材料,且达到了木塑装饰板材的力学性能标准要求。      

聚丙烯/木粉复合材料的增容改性及其机理

为进一步改善聚丙烯(PP)/木纤维(WF)复合材料的力学性能,采用几种不同类型的马来酸酐接枝型相容剂对PP/WF复合材料进行增容改性,并通过红外光谱和扫描电镜,分析和研究其增容机理。结果表明,PP-g-MAH的改性效果最为明显,当其添加量为m(PP-g-MAH)/m(WF)=10/100时,PP/WF复合材料的拉伸强度提高40.9%,弯曲强度提高47.3%,弯曲模量提高35.3%。PP-g-MAH使PP与木粉产生良好的增容效果,木粉颗粒被PP包裹,材料抵抗外应力以及材料破坏由发生在两相界面变成发生在材料整体,从而有效提高了复合材料的力学性能。     

杂交狼尾草木塑复合材料的制备及性能研究

以杂交狼尾草为原料制备木塑复合材料,采用木粉改性剂对狼尾草秸杆粉进行部分降解实现狼尾草秸杆粉的改性,改善木塑复合材料制备中材料的流动特性.改变木粉改性剂的添加量和狼尾草秸杆粉与塑料的配比,测试成型复合材料的物理力学性能.研究表明,木粉改性剂的加入对材料的抗弯、抗拉、阻水性能影响显著.随着粉/塑比的提高,材料的密度、表面硬度、抗弯性能都随之增加,抗拉性能和阻水性能则随之下降.综合来看,在粉/塑比5:5、5%木粉改性剂处理的情况下,材料的综合性能最优.     

麦秸/聚氯乙烯复合材料新疆户外老化性能

为探讨新疆强紫外线与干热环境对木塑复合材料抗老化性能的影响,添加不同种类抗老剂(UV-531、1010和168),采用挤出成型制备麦秸/聚氯乙烯(PVC)复合材料,进行90天新疆户外老化。测试和分析麦秸/PVC复合材料老化前后表面官能团和颜色变化、表面形貌和力学性能,计算羰基指数、木质素指数和表面粗糙度。结果表明:老化后表面麦秸纤维与PVC发生分解,出现褪色现象,粗糙度升高,力学性能下降。抗老剂均能提高麦秸/PVC复合材料的抗老化性能。其中,添加抗老剂UV-531的麦秸/PVC复合材料效果最优,与对照组相比,其羰基指数提高了19.27%,木质素指数降低了4.44%,色差ΔE降低了11.12%,表面粗糙度S_a降低了33.38%,弯曲强度和拉伸强度分别提高了5.87%和6.44%,表面更平整,麦秸裸露少。该研究结果可为提高木塑复合材料抗老化效力提供试验数据和理论参考,有利于延长木塑复合材料在新疆干热环境下的使用寿命。      

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。