超声振动辅助激光熔覆IN718-Hf涂层的抗高温氧化性能

目的 基于航天航空领域对IN718合金的抗高温氧化性能需求,通过活性元素(RE)掺杂与物理场辅助,提升IN718合金的抗高温氧化性能。方法 采用超声振动辅助激光熔覆工艺,在IN718合金表面制备IN718-Hf熔覆层,研究涂层的微观结构演变,以及在800℃下长达100h的氧化行为。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子探针显微分析仪(EPMA)研究涂层的显微组织、氧化膜结构和元素分布。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析物相。结果 在不同Hf含量(均以质量分数表示)的涂层中,IN718-Hf(0.3%)涂层中的氧化层最薄、最均匀。Hf的高化学活性使得它很容易与其他元素发生反应,增加了成核粒子数量,使涂层中的微观结构细化。超声振动的施加提升了熔池的过冷程度,同时打碎了熔池中粗大的柱状枝晶,从而达到了细化晶粒的目的。晶粒细化有利于形成致密均匀的氧化层,从而增强材料的抗高温氧化性。氧化层具有双层结构,外层为Mn Cr₂O₄尖晶石,内层为Cr₂O₃。Hf的掺杂和超声振动的施加促进了Mn Cr₂O...     

深振荡磁控溅射复合沉积CrN/TiN超晶格涂层的摩擦学性能

研究了IN718高温合金、WC-6%Co硬质合金和Si(100)基体上深振荡磁控溅射复合沉积CrN/TiN超晶格涂层的摩擦学性能。研究表明,涂层的生长对基体的类型没有选择性。随着基体硬度的升高,划痕结合力失效临界载荷增大,涂层结合力失效机制由翘曲失效转变为基体/涂层协同变形,未发现涂层的剥落失效。载荷为2N时,磨损机制由磨粒磨损和氧化磨损转变为轻微磨粒磨损。载荷为4 N时,IN 718基体上涂层的磨损机制为严重的氧化磨损,WC-6%Co基体上的涂层的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和氧化磨损,氧化物的产生、堆积和转移导致摩擦系数的波动。     

冷喷涂IN718涂层组织及性能研究

目的 针对Ti6Al4V耐磨性能较差的问题,利用高压冷喷涂技术在Ti6Al4V基体表面以不同的工艺参数制备了IN718涂层,为在Ti6Al4V基体表面制备高性能IN718涂层提供基础理论依据。方法 采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对涂层组织、断口形貌进行观察分析,以便更好地了解不同的工艺参数和工作气体类型(He/N2)对IN718涂层组织形貌、力学性能和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果 以N2为推进气体制备的IN718涂层,其结合强度为115 MPa,硬度为557HV0.3,孔隙率约为0.24%,涂层磨损率为5.34×10^–4 mm³/(N.m);以He为推进气体制备的IN718涂层,其结合强度可高达256 MPa,是以N2为推进气体制备涂层的2倍多,硬度为602HV0.3,明显高于以N2为推进气体制备的涂层,涂层孔隙率和缺陷明显减少,孔隙率测试结果约为0.1%,涂层更加耐磨,磨损率为3.51×10^–4 mm³/(N.m)。结论 相较于以N2为推进气体制备的IN718涂层,以He为工作气体制备的IN718涂层的组织更致密、涂层孔隙率更小,硬度和结合强度更高,耐磨性能更好,所以采用He可以制备出性能更加优异的IN718涂层。     

镍基高温合金Al-Si涂层1000℃抗高温氧化性能和退化机制研究

为研究Si对简单NiAl涂层抗高温氧化性能的影响规律,改变料浆中Si/(Si+Al)比值(8wt.%、17wt.%和30wt.%),制备了三种不同Si含量的改性NiAl涂层。采用XRD、SEM、EPMA等表征方法分析了简单NiAl涂层和三种Si改性NiAl涂层氧化前后的相结构和显微组织。结果表明：四种铝化物涂层主要相均为δ-Ni₂Al₃和β-NiAl相。Si以CrSi₂、Cr₅Si₃和Ni₂Si硅化物的形式存在于涂层表层。在1000℃氧化500h后,简单NiAl涂层具有最大的氧化增重为1.93mg.cm_-2^,而Si/(Si+Al)比值为8wt.%的Si改性NiAl涂层具有最小的氧化增重。在NiAl涂层中掺杂Si可促进α-Al₂O₃膜的形成,通过形成硅化物减少难熔金属元素向涂层表面扩散,改善氧化膜表面质量,降低氧化速率。但是掺杂过量的Si会降低涂层表层Al含量,使涂层在氧化后期出现β相不足的问题,无法维持表面Al的选择性氧化。因此,当料浆中Si/(Si+Al)为8 wt.%,涂层表面Si含量为9.6 at.%时,涂层具有最高的抗高温氧化性能。     

热处理对C/C复合材料Mo-Si-N系涂层抗氧化性能的影响

以Mo粉和Si粉为原料,采用熔浆法在氮气环境中制备了C/C复合材料的Mo-Si-N系抗氧化涂层,并对涂层1400℃预氧化热处理前后的组织结构和氧化行为进行了研究.结果表明,Mo-Si-N涂层除具有与Mo-Si系涂层相同的SiC底层和MoSi2/Si主结构层外,还形成了厚度不均匀的Si3N4/SiC/Si表面层.Mo-Si-N系涂层具有1400℃稳定抗氧化能力和1450℃长时间氧化防护潜力;经1400℃预氧化热处理后,涂层的最高抗氧化温度达到了1500℃,氧化12小时后重量损失率小于1wt%.     

稀土改性Fe-Ni基涂层的高温性能

为提高Fe-Ni基涂层的高温性能,在Fe-Ni基合金粉末中添加La2O3和Ce2O3的混合物,对涂层的高温氧化行为和高温耐磨损性能进行研究.结果表明:稀土改性Fe-Ni基涂层组织细密、晶粒细小、形成稀土化合物LaNi4Si、Ce2Ni22C3以及硬质相Cr3Si;稀土改性Fe-Ni基涂层具有良好的高温抗氧化性能,在氧化初期,涂层质量迅速增加,氧化动力学曲线符合抛物线规律,在氧化后期,氧化动力学曲线符合直线规律,质量增加缓慢.高温抗氧化性能的提高和Cr3Si硬质相的弥散分布使涂层的高温耐磨性能得到显著的提高.     

NiAl(Si)+CeO_2型高温涂层氧化行为的研究

采用复合技术制备了含弥散CeO_2的NiAl(Si)型高温涂层,并同几种铝化物涂层的氧化行为进行了对比研究,重点考察了CeO_2及Si在改善涂层抗氧化性能方面各自的作用及其相互关系。涂层组织及成分分析表明,少量Si固溶于β-NiAl相中,大部分Si以第二相的形式主要弥散分布于涂层的内侧,且合金渗Al-Si涂层中的Si含量明显高于同类复合NiAl(Sj)+CeO_2涂层。氧化实验表明,Si及CeO_2可有效地降低涂层1100℃的氧化速率。Si对涂层抗循环氧化性能的改善作用不显著,而CeO_2则具有益作用,特     

热处理对C／C复合材料Mo-Si-N系涂层抗氧化性能的影响

以Mo粉和Si粉为原料，采用熔浆法在氮气环境中制备了C／C复合材料的Mo．Si—N系抗氧化涂层，并对涂层1400℃预氧化热处理前后的组织结构和氧化行为进行了研究。结果表明，Mo．Si—N涂层除具有与Mo．Si系涂层相同的SiC底层和MoSi2／Si主结构层外，还形成了厚度不均匀的Si3N4／SiC／Si表面层。Mo-Si—N系涂层具有1400℃稳定抗氧化能力和1450℃长时间氧化防护潜力；经1400℃预氧化热处理后，涂层的最高抗氧化温度达到了1500℃，氧化12小时后重量损失率小于1wt％。     

Si对MCrAlY涂层微观结构及性能的影响

本文制备了Si含量分别为0,2%及5%的CoCrAlSiY合金涂层,研究了Si元素的添加对合金粉末及涂层的组织、结构及性能的影响,初步探讨了Si元素对涂层高温性能的作用机理。研究结果表明：Si元素主要分布在涂层的β相中,通过影响β相的含量和分布对涂层的高温性能产生影响,Si推进了合金由内氧化向外氧化发生的过程,促进了保护性氧化膜的形成,但Si含量过高,会引起氧化膜的PBR值增加,氧化膜的应力变大,不利于涂层高温抗热震性能的提高。     

高温合金Al-Si涂层抗高温氧化性能的研究

采用热扩散的方法 ,在K4 38高温合金表面制备了Al Si涂层。经 10 0 0℃× 5 0 0h高温氧化性能试验结果表明 ,K4 38镍基高温合金表面的涂层 ,在高温氧化过程中已转变成致密完整的α Al2 O3氧化层和富铝的 β NiAl和富镍的β NiAl化合物层 ,与基体金属的粘附性良好。Al Si涂层中Si元素的扩散和合理分布能有效的抑制β相的生长 ,延长涂层的退化速度 ,使涂层获得更佳的抗高温氧化性     

铸造镍基合金K444在900℃空气中的长期氧化行为

用热重法研究镍基高温合金K444在900℃下氧化1000 h的动力学。结果表明,K444合金氧化动力学遵从抛物线规律,以x射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析及电子探针成分分析测定氧化膜的组成,结果表明氧化膜由多层组成,外层为TiO₂,内层以Cr₂O₃为主还包括内氧化层和贫Υ′层。观察到沿晶界偏聚的碳化物氧化,提出了氧化饥制。     

Oxidation characteristics of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo

Static oxidation kinetics of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo (atomic percent) were investigated in air over the temperature range of 650–1000°C using thermogravimetric analysis. The oxidation kinetics were complex at all exposure temperatures and displayed up to two distinct stages of parabolic oxidation. Breakaway oxidation occurred after long exposure times at high temperatures. Oxidation products were determined using x-ray diffraction techniques, electron microprobe analysis, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Oxide scale morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy of the surfaces and cross-sections of oxidation specimens. The oxides during the parabolic stages were compact and multilayered, consisting primarily of TiO₂ doped with Nb, a top layer of Al₂O₃ and a thin bottom layer of TiN. The transition between the first and second parabolic stage is linked to the formation of a TiAl layer at the oxide-metal interface. Porosity also formed in the TiO₂ layer during the second stage, causing degradation of the oxide and breakaway oxidation.     

Effects of aluminum on the oxidation of 25Cr-35Ni cast steels

The oxidation kinetics and morphological development during reaction of two cast austenitic steels at 1000°C in pure dry oxygen at 20 kPa are reported. Both steels contained approximately 25 wt.% Cr and 35 wt.% Ni and, in addition, one steel contained 3.3 wt. %. Both steels oxidized to form external scales consisting mainly of Cr₂O₃ with a thin outer layer of manganese rich spinel. Scale growth kinetics were parabolic, and somewhat faster rates were observed for the aluminum bearing steel. In both steels, deep internal oxidation occurred at the site of primary (interdendritic) carbides. The kinetics of this process were parabolic, and rate control was attributed to oxygen diffusion along the interface between internal oxide and matrix metal. In the aluminum-free steel, interdendritic carbides were converted to chromium rich oxide, but when aluminum was present, a sheath of aluminum rich oxide formed around the carbides. In this latter case, the rate of interdendritic penetration was somewhat slower. The aluminum bearing steel also formed large numbers of rod-shaped Al₂O₃ precipitates within the austenitic dendrites. Deepening of the Al₂O₃ precipitate zone also proceeded according to parabolic kinetics at a rate consistent with rate control by diffusion of oxygen along the oxide-alloy interfaces.     

纯钛TIG焊接接头的高温氧化行为

对纯钛氩弧焊焊接接头在550 ℃下氧化不同时间（2,4,6,8 h）以及在不同温度（650,750,850,950 ℃）下氧化4 h的氧化动力学、氧化形态和氧化产物进行了研究。结果表明,在550 ℃下,氧化时间对焊接接头氧化行为的影响有限,而氧化温度对纯钛焊接接头的氧化行为有显著影响,且温度越高,氧化越严重。在低温下,纯钛焊接接头的氧化动力学接近准线性定律,随着温度升高,氧化速率呈指数增长。此外,焊接接头表面产生的氧化产物是具有锐钛矿和金红石结构的TiO₂,温度对TiO₂的类型没有明显影响。纯钛焊接接头的氧化过程可描述为：氧气在表面被吸收;氧化物优先在缺陷区形核;氧化物横向生长、增厚。在较高温度下,氧化膜中出现裂纹或空隙,成为O原子传输通道,导致O和Ti原子的高扩散速率和氧化速率。     

等离子喷涂NiCrCoAlY涂层氧化控制研究

利用等离子喷涂技术制备了NiCrCoAlY粒子和涂层,研究了等离子喷涂过程中NiCrCoAlY粒子的氧化行为以及屏蔽气体对NiCrCoAlY涂层抗高温氧化性能的影响。结果表明,粒子在飞行过程中存在对流氧化和扩散氧化两种氧化机制,对NiCrCoAlY粒子来说,在距喷嘴55 mm以内的射流中心处以对流氧化为主,在距离喷嘴55 mm以外将以扩散氧化为主;除飞行中的氧化外,粒子在喷涂过程中还发生形成涂层后的氧化,NiCrCoAlY粒子以飞行中的氧化为主;添加屏蔽气体能减少喷涂过程中涂层的氧化,提高涂层的抗高温氧化性能     

The Effect of Crystallographic Orientation on the Oxidation Behavior of a Single-Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloy

The oxidation kinetics of DD100 nickel-base single-crystal alloy, with (221) and (100) surface orientations were tested in this study by thermogravimetry. A pronounced anisotropy in both the cyclic and isothermal oxidation resistance of DD100 alloy was observed. The (221) crystallographic surface of DD100 had a slower oxidation rate than the (100) surface when isothermally exposed to stationary air at 950°C, whereas the opposite results were obtained at 1050°C. When cyclically oxidized at 1100°C, the weight loss of samples with (221) surfaces was significantly greater than that of (100) surfaces, so that the cyclic-oxidation anisotropy was more remarkable at 1100°C than at 950°C. The different spatial alignment of the / interface is thought to be responsible for the anisotropic oxidation behavior of the nickel-base single crystal alloy.     

High temperature oxidation of metals under time-dependent gas pressure

A theoretical study on the high-temperature oxidation of thick oxide films grown under a time-dependent gas partial pressure is reported. The diffusion across the film is assumed to be the rate-limiting step of the overall reaction, and Wagner's hypotheses were used as the starting point for our reasoning. A general formulation for the oxidation under no time constant gas pressure, in terms of a time-dependent answer function is given. The effect of an external electric field on the reaction rate is also reported when a constant current density,J, is applied to the oxide scale. If the oxide is a good electronic conductor atJ=0 andt , we found that the reaction rate assumes formally the well-known Wagner's expression of the rate constant but with a gas partial pressure at oxide/gas interface which is a time function. If the oxide is a good ionic or electronic conductor, the effect due to an external electric field,J 0, on the reaction rate is the same as predicted by the Wagner's theory.     

Fe-Y合金在800℃空气中的氧化行为

研究了Fe-5Y和Fe-10Y合金在800℃空气中的氧化行为。结果表明：二元Fe-Y合金氧化动力学曲线不规则,此温度下Fe-10Y合金的氧化速率高于Fe-5Y合金的氧化速率。Fe-5Y合金及Fe-10Y合金形成了相似的氧化膜结构,且它们都发生了内氧化现象。同时合金未形成单一的Y₂O₃层,这归结于Y在Fe中非常低的溶解度及合金中两相共存而阻碍了Y通过合金向外扩散。     

V/Nb对Ti-45Al-9(V, Nb, Y)合金抗氧化性能的影响

βγ-TiAl合金具有良好的高温变形能力,为TiAl合金的发展开辟了新的途径。成功制备了不同x=V/Nb(x=1,1.5,2,3.5)的βγ-TiAlTi-45Al-9(V,Nb,Y)合金,研究了上述合金在800℃静止空气中的氧化行为。结果表明:当x=1时,Ti-45Al-9(V,Nb,Y)合金中形成条带状、连续致密的Al2O3氧化层,显著提高了合金的抗氧化能力。随着x=V/Nb的增加,Al2O3氧化层厚度变薄,合金的抗氧化能力下降。     

Oxidation resistance of eight heat-resistant alloys at 870°, 980°, 1095°, and 1150°C

Oxidation testing of heat-resistant alloys is described. The testing procedure utilized weight-gain measurements using one specimen, which was withdrawn and weighed at intervals of 1 week, for 10–18 weeks. The specimen was placed in a porcelain cup during exposure and covered upon cooling to retain spalled oxide. Weight gain was used to determine the kinetics of oxidation and was extrapolated to 3000 hr. The specimen was withdrawn at the end of the exposure, weighed, cathodically descaled, and reweighed. The ratio of oxygen ions to metal ions was determined for each alloy and test temperature. This ratio approaches the stoichemetric ratio for Fe₃O₄ or Cr₂O₃. The ratio for each test is used to convert weight gain to weight loss. The amount of adherent oxide was determined as well as the total amount of oxide, leading to an expression for oxide adherency. The oxidation resistance of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys increased with increasing Cr and Ni, with Cr being the most critical element. Additions of Si, Al, or Ce were shown to extend the usefulness of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys.