酶制剂在玉米木薯混合原料酒精发酵中的应用研究

研究玉米木薯混合原料酒精发酵中添加酸性蛋白酶、普鲁兰酶、木聚糖酶的作用效果。通过单因素试验及正交优化试验确定了3种酶制剂的最佳添加量:酸性蛋白酶16 U/g原料、木聚糖酶170 U/g原料、普鲁兰酶20 U/g原料。添加复合酶制剂可以提高酵母菌数量、加快醪液过滤速度、缩短发酵时间、提高拌料浓度及淀粉利用率。发酵条件优化试验表明,在接种时添加复合酶制剂,发酵料水比为1∶2.1、发酵醪液初始pH值为5.0、发酵时间为56 h。     

麦芽糖浆制取中的糖化工艺研究

本文对麦芽糖浆加工中的糖化工艺进行了研究。选取β-淀粉酶、真菌α-淀粉酶、普鲁兰酶组成复合糖化剂,以糖化结束后糖化液中的麦芽糖含量作为评价指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了β-淀粉酶、真菌α-淀粉酶、普鲁兰酶及糖化时间对糖化效果的影响。结果表明,在β-淀粉酶添加量为0.8kg/t干物质,真菌α-淀粉酶添加量为0.6kg/t干物质,普鲁兰酶添加量为0.8kg/t干物质的条件下糖化50min,糖化效果最佳。     

普鲁兰酶对木薯淀粉糖化的影响

普鲁兰酶对木薯淀粉糖化的影响￥华南理工大学＠温其标＠陈玲＠罗发兴＠颜盛发＠张力田普鲁兰酶对木薯淀粉糖化的影响华南理工大学（５１０６４１）温其标陈玲罗发兴颜盛发张力田１前言在淀粉糖工业和许多食品发酵工业中都以淀粉为原料，经水解制成葡萄糖作为工厂的产品或者半成...     

小麦B淀粉的糖化工艺

以谷朊粉生产过程中的副产物B淀粉为原料,通过测定反应液DE值得变化,分析糖化时间、糖化酶添加量、普鲁兰酶添加量以及糖化酶和普鲁兰酶协同作用对糖化过程的影响规律,找出最佳糖化工艺,为B淀粉的进一步发酵利用奠定基础。结果显示:反应时间为120 min,糖化酶和普鲁兰酶协同作用添加量为25 U/g(以B淀粉干基计),DE值达到93.8%。     

不同酶制备木薯抗性淀粉的性质比较

以木薯淀粉为原料,用耐高温α-淀粉酶和普鲁兰酶分别制备了RS3型抗性淀粉,并对其直链淀粉含量、冻融稳定性、持水性进行测定与比较.结果表明,α-淀粉酶制备抗性淀粉含量在9.4％ ～ 12.4％之间,直链淀粉含量随着酶解作用降低,且直链淀粉含量高的抗性淀粉其冻融稳定性略低,持水性保持在3.7～5.8g/g之间波动不明显.普鲁兰酶制备抗性淀粉含量在4％～7.9％之间,直链淀粉含量不一定随着酶解作用而增加,且直链淀粉含量高的抗性淀粉其冻融稳定性和持水性高.耐高温α-淀粉酶制备的木薯抗性淀粉含量、冻融稳定性高于普鲁兰酶,对直链淀粉含量的影响较直观,但持水性低于普鲁兰酶.     

酶法制备抗性淀粉新工艺的研究

以普通玉米淀粉为原料,采用121℃20min压热--℃24h冷却的循环处理和酶解处理相结合的方法制备抗性淀粉,对压热-冷却循环次数和普鲁兰酶的添加顺序及酶作用时间进行研究.结果表明,在选定的酶用量(30U·mL-1)和酶作用温度(60℃)条件下,压热一冷却循环结合酶水解法,即糊化或老化1次后添加普鲁兰酶,可以显著提高普通玉米淀粉制备抗性淀粉的得率.并且老化1次后加入普鲁兰酶的作用效果更好.     

麦芽四糖生产工艺的研究

麦芽四糖是一种新型麦芽低聚糖,具有易消化吸收、低甜度、高黏度、保湿性好、吸湿性低、抗龋齿、增稠作用强、冰点作用小、低渗透压、防止食品中蛋白质变性等特点,广泛应用于食品行业、饲料行业、造纸行业及及生化试剂分析行业等。以本公司自制的淀粉液化液为原料,通过对液化液DE值、糖化温度、糖化p H、糖化时间、普鲁兰酶添加量及麦芽四糖酶添加量的研究发现,普鲁兰酶与麦芽四糖酶协同作用效果比较明显,它们的共同使用可以明显提高麦芽四糖含量。通过对DE值、糖化温度、糖化p H作正交试验表明,影响麦芽四糖含量各因素的主次关系依次是DE值、糖化温度、糖化p H;在底物浓度27%,普鲁兰酶添加量为0.5ml/L,麦芽四糖酶添加量为0.4ml/L,DE值为5,糖化温度为55℃,糖化p H 5.5时,麦芽四糖含量最高,为57.42%。     

组合策略提高普鲁兰酶在枯草芽胞杆菌中的表达

普鲁兰酶(pullulanase)可催化支链淀粉、普鲁兰糖等多糖大分子中的α-1,6糖苷键水解,是最重要的淀粉酶之一.为提高普鲁兰酶发酵水平,该研究将Bacillus deramificans的普鲁兰酶表达于枯草芽胞杆菌WB600.首先考察了天然组成型、合成组成型、诱导型和自诱导型等强启动子对产酶的影响.结果 显示,合...     

普鲁兰糖无色素发酵工艺研究

目的获取普鲁兰糖产量高且色素分泌少的突变菌株,优化普鲁兰糖的发酵工艺。方法紫外法诱变出芽短梗霉;通过测定普鲁兰糖的产量优化培养基组成及发酵条件。结果获得了高产普鲁兰糖且色素分泌量少的突变菌株;优化后培养基组成为:蔗糖10%,酵母膏0.2%,(NH4)2SO4 0.06%。初始pH 6.5。工艺优化后发酵过程无色素分泌,普鲁兰糖产量达到67.2 g/L。结论得到了普鲁兰糖产量高且色素分泌少的突变菌株,工艺优化后发酵过程无色素分泌。     

淀粉质原料在普鲁兰多糖生物合成中的作用及生理机制

为了考察不同淀粉质原料对出芽短梗霉生物合成普鲁兰多糖的影响,本文分别选用来源于木薯、玉米、马铃薯、红薯和小麦等作物的淀粉作为碳源发酵生产普鲁兰多糖。结果发现,木薯淀粉有利于普鲁兰多糖的生物合成,最高产量达到23.96 g/L;红薯淀粉则不利于普鲁兰多糖的合成,显著（P<0.05）降低了普鲁兰多糖的产量和分子量。进一步地,对普鲁兰多糖分批发酵动力学参数和生理学指标进行分析比较,发现木薯淀粉提高了普鲁兰多糖合成关键酶活性和胞内前体物质尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖的含量,进而提高了普鲁兰多糖的合成能力和产量;而红薯淀粉则提高了普鲁兰多糖降解酶活性,显著（P<0.05）降低了普鲁兰多糖的分子量。对普鲁兰多糖分批发酵碳源成本进行估算,发现利用木薯淀粉合成普鲁兰多糖的碳源成本只有葡萄糖对照组的56.6%。该研究结果为普鲁兰多糖的廉价高效生产提供了可行的技术参考。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.