深井软岩巷道底板卸压钢丝绳网锚注支护技术研究

针对平顶山天安煤业股份有限公司一矿深井软岩回风上山巷道工程地质条件和围岩变形特征,采用数值计算方法,研究了底板卸压槽卸压前后巷道围岩应力场、塑性区的变化规律,分析了底板卸压槽卸压机理,提出了钢丝绳网锚注支护技术,并进行了工业性试验。研究结果表明:(1)巷道底板开掘卸压槽卸压后,底板围岩垂直应力和水平应力的高应力区及其峰值应力均向底板深部转移。卸压后底板同一深度的围岩应力均小于卸压前的围岩应力;卸压后巷道顶底板和两帮围岩的塑性区范围均增大,底板卸压效果明显。(2)深井巷道围岩的破碎区和部分塑性区是支护的重点。回风上山巷道采取开挖底板卸压槽、钢丝绳网锚杆支护和围岩注浆加固等支护措施后,在围岩中形成了锚注体支护圈,提高了围岩的强度和自身承载能力。巷道围岩经历加速变形阶段、减速变形阶段和稳定变形阶段后,一直处于稳定变形状态。卸压槽+钢丝绳网锚注支护在回风上山巷道的支护试验取得成功,可为深井软岩巷道支护提供参考依据。     

深部巷道组合钢架合理支护间距数值模拟研究

为确定深部巷道组合钢架合理支护间距,有效控制深部巷道围岩变形,提高巷道施工机械化水平,以焦作煤业集团赵固(新乡)能源有限责任公司赵固二矿11071工作面回风巷为研究背景,采用三维有限差分软件对深部巷道6种支护方案的围岩变形、应力和塑性区分布进行对比分析.结果表明:深部巷道围岩变形和塑性区分布受围岩局部让压效应影响显著;在巷道拱顶、拱底以及两帮与底板交接部位均易出现应力集中现象;巷道开挖引起的岩体破坏以剪切破坏为主.根据数值模拟试验得出了深部巷道组合钢架合理支护间距,优选出的最佳支护方案可以减缓围岩变形,改善围岩应力状态,减少围岩塑性破坏范围,从而提高深部巷道围岩的稳定性.     

深部巷道围岩卸压协调控制技术

为解决深部高应力巷道围岩支护难维护问题,综合采用现场实测、数值计算、理论分析及工业性试验等方法,基于深部巷道钻孔卸压机理、钻孔参数确定方法及卸压钻孔与支护结构作用关系的分析,提出深部巷道围岩卸压协调控制技术,包括一次让压、钻孔卸压和二次高强锚注支护等3方面:一次让压支护使围岩产生恒阻变形,降低卸压引起的支护结构非协调受力;钻孔卸压的作用是转移巷道周边高应力,补偿围岩变形,减小巷道径向收敛;二次高强锚注支护为卸压协调控制技术的核心,目的是控制卸压后破碎岩体的后期蠕变。工程应用效果表明,该技术可有效控制深部巷道围岩大变形,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

杨庄矿深部矩形煤巷围岩破坏特征及支护技术

为解决深部矩形煤巷支护难题,以巷道宽度为变量,采用室内实验、数值模拟、现场实测、理论研究的方法,建立了双裂隙抗剪切滑动力学模型,提出了高强高预紧力锚网索耦合分区支护技术.结果表明:顶板围岩主应力差分布范围、剪切破坏塑性区扩展延伸区域、变形延伸深度的响应程度均比底板、两帮强烈;顶板围岩可划分为裂隙贯通区、裂隙发育区、微裂隙区和无裂隙区;高强高预紧力锚网索耦合分区支护技术能积极调动顶板深部围岩强度,改善锚固体的应力状态,控制巷道围岩变形,满足矿井"安全、高效"的生产要求.     

煤矿巷道断面形状及锚杆支护围岩变形的数值分析

为了研究巷道不同断面形状和锚杆支护对巷道围岩稳定性的影响,采用ANSYS有限元计算方法进行数值模拟,通过对计算结果分析,得出半圆拱形巷道为最佳断面且煤矿巷道锚杆支护能够有效地控制围岩的变形;煤矿巷道锚杆支护对竖向位移的控制作用较大的区域集中在巷道围岩1.8 m范围以内及巷道的两个底角部;对于横向位移的控制作用较大的区域集中在巷道围岩顶板、两帮中部1.6 m范围以内及巷道的两个底角部.     

深部巷道围岩控制的有效途径

针对煤炭开采逐渐由浅部转向深部,提出在深部复杂的力学环境下,岩体力学行为和工程响应条件下深部巷道围岩控制的有效方法.文中确定了影响巷道围岩稳定性的因素,分析了各影响因素对巷道围岩稳定性的影响规律,认为改善巷道围岩应力状态及围岩力学性能、合理选择巷道支护形式和提高其支护阻力以及优化巷道断面等为深部巷道围岩控制的有效途径.现场应用结果表明:巷道首选在时空上避开高应力作用,底板掘卸压巷可使巷道变形量控制在20mm以内,上行开采改善了深部巷道应力环境,工作面推进速度由48 m/月提高到90m/月左右,巷道迎头超前钻孔卸压后巷道顶底板移近量减小了900mm;采用高强、高预紧力、高延伸率锚杆(索)支护系统配合合理的注浆加固参数,有效提高巷道围岩强度,巷道围岩变形量降低40%以上.另外,尽量选择弧形断面,壁后充填等措施,实现支护体均匀承载,提高支护阻力.     

深部高应力回采巷道支护技术研究

针对深部开采巷道围岩变形快、变形量大的重大难题,根据兴东矿2121工作面回采过程中巷道围岩的变形特征,通过普氏理论计算出锚杆(索)支护参数,提出了5种不同支护方案,利用FLAC3D数值模拟软件,依次计算出各种方案的顶板下沉量和两帮移近量。结果表明:(1)深部巷道在高应力作用下,巷道围岩变形总量较大,特别是在巷道变形初期,巷道围岩变形速率大,在此条件下采用锚杆索联合支护,可以有效控制围岩的变形和破坏;(2)通过加强两帮的支护,可提高深部巷道围岩整体的承载能力,减少顶板下沉,促进顶板形成稳定结构;(3)增加锚索的预紧力,使锚杆与锚索同步承载,可大大增加支护结构的稳定性,有效控制围岩变形。现场试验表明,锚杆索联合支护可有效提高巷道围岩的承载能力,减少围岩移动和变形,具有良好的支护效果。     

破碎围岩梯度支护模型及分级控制研究

针对深部巷道大变形难控制问题,基于深部巷道围岩梯度破坏机理及巷道等强支护理论,进一步提出了围岩梯度支护分级控制原理和屈服破坏判据.针对巷道围岩破碎区,采取锚杆和高强水泥材料加固控制;对围岩塑性区,采取锚索和纳米基水泥材料控制,由此实现基于梯度破坏机理的巷道围岩分级三维承压壳控制.研究结果表明：破碎半径、支护强度以及加固厚度对梯度支护模型的敏感度较大,当r=R₁和r=R_p时,基于围岩梯度破坏的梯度承压壳发生屈服破坏的极限强度分别约为25和15 MPa;理论分析验证加固后的梯度承压壳可以实现破碎区边缘和塑性区围岩的恢复,理论得出最好状态分别能近似恢复至初始状态的52%和95%左右.梯度支护模型和分级控制方法在一定程度上为深部巷道围岩控制提供了理论和实践指导.     

软煤层巷道支护数值模拟研究

针对新义煤矿11011工作面回采巷道煤层松软、围岩变形大、现有微拱工字钢支护难以满足生产安全需要的问题,利用FLAC数值模拟软件分别对微拱工字钢和外扎腿U型钢支护下的巷道位移矢量特征、应力特征及塑性区范围进行了分析．结果表明,外扎腿u型钢支护,能有效地改善围岩的应力状态和控制围岩的变形量,适合该矿软煤层特征;通过对12011皮带运输巷进行的工业性试验的实测变形数据分析表明,外扎腿u型钢支护,降低了顶板与两帮收敛速度与位移,提高了软岩巷道围岩强度和自承能力,维护了巷道围岩的稳定性,支护效果良好,能满足新义煤矿安全生产的要求,可为类似条件下的巷道支护提供参考．     

深部软岩巷道围岩变形分析与控制

针对某深部软岩巷道支护困难问题,首先对围岩进行力学性能试验,然后利用有限元分析方法,在基于不同埋深软岩巷道围岩变形特征研究的基础上,从巷道开挖和围岩支护两方面对深部高地应力软岩巷道围岩变形与控制进行深入研究.结果表明:随软岩巷道埋深增大,巷道围岩变形呈线性增大趋势;在深部高地应力下掘进巷道时,全断面开挖法围岩变形最大,台阶法次之,CD法最小;支护时采用柔性与刚性联合支护,围岩变形最小.联合支护技术能充分释放软岩巷道围岩变形能,发挥围岩自承能力并与支护体系共同作用,可以有效控制深部软岩巷道围岩变形,从而保证深部软岩巷道围岩的稳定性.     

Stability control of surrounding rocks for a coal roadway in a deep tectonic region简

In order to effectively control the deformation and failure of surrounding rocks in a coal roadway in a deep tectonic region, the deformation and failure mechanism and stability control mechanism were studied. With such methods as numerical simulation and field testing, the distribution law of the displacement, stress and plastic zone in the surrounding rocks was analyzed. The deformation and failure mechanisms of coal roadways in deep tectonic areas were revealed: under high tectonic stress, two sides will slide along the roof or floor; while the plastic zone of the two sides will extend along the roof or floor, leading to more serious deformation and failure in the corner of two sides and the bolt supporting the corners is readily cut off by the shear force or tension force. Aimed at controlling the large slippage deformation of the two sides, serious deformation and failure in the corners of the two sides and massive bolt breakage, a “controlling and yielding coupling support” control technology is proposed. Firstly, bolts which do not pass through the bedding plane should be used in the corners of the roadway, allowing the two sides to have some degree of sliding to achieve the purpose of “yielding” support, and which avoid breakage of the bolts in the corner. After yielding support, bolts in the corner of the roadway and which pass through the bedding plane should be used to control the deformation and failure of the coal in the corner. “Controlling and yielding coupling support” technology has been successfully applied in engineering practice, and the stability of deep coal roadway has been greatly improved.     

Numerical simulation study on hard-thick roof inducing rock burst in coal mine

In order to reveal the dynamic process of hard-thick roof inducing rock burst, one of the most common and strongest dynamic disasters in coal mine, the numerical simulation is conducted to study the dynamic loading effect of roof vibration on roadway surrounding rocks as well as the impact on stability. The results show that, on one hand, hard-thick roof will result in high stress concentration on mining surrounding rocks; on the other hand, the breaking of hard-thick roof will lead to mining seismicity, causing dynamic loading effect on coal and rock mass. High stress concentration and dynamic loading combination reaches to the mechanical conditions for the occurrence of rock burst, which will induce rock burst. The mining induced seismic events occurring in the roof breaking act on the mining surrounding rocks in the form of stress wave. The stress wave then has a reflection on the free surface of roadway and the tensile stress will be generated around the free surface. Horizontal vibration of roadway surrounding particles will cause instant changes of horizontal stress of roadway surrounding rocks; the horizontal displacement is directly related to the horizontal stress but is not significantly correlated with the vertical stress; the increase of horizontal stress of roadway near surface surrounding rocks and the release of elastic deformation energy of deep surrounding coal and rock mass are immanent causes that lead to the impact instability of roadway surrounding rocks. The most significant measures for rock burst prevention are controlling of horizontal stress and vibration strength.     

Numerical simulation of grooving method for floor heave control in soft rock roadway

Grooving method can restrain the deformation and destruction of surrounding rock by transferring the maximum stress to deep rock, bringing about the effective control for floor heave in soft rock roadway.Based on this important effect, and to discuss the relationship between cutting parameters and pressurerelief effect, this paper carried out a numerical simulation of grooving along bottom slab and two sides of gateway with finite difference software FLAC2D. The results show that the control effect on floor heave in soft rock tunnel can be improved by selecting appropriate cutting parameters. Appropriately increasing the crevice depth in the middle of the floor can improve the stress state of bottom slab by stress transfer.So the floor heave can be more effectively controlled. To lengthen the crevice in the comers of roadway can simultaneously transfer the maximum stresses of bottom slab and two sides to deep rock, And promote the pressure-relief effect. Extending the crevice length and crevice width on both sides within a certain range can decrease the stress concentration in the corners of roadway, and reduce the deformation of two sides. The cutting position beneficial to restrain the floor heave is close to the bottom slab.     

膨胀特性对软岩巷道围岩变形规律的影响研究

针对软岩巷道的特点，利用泥灰岩三轴试验结果，分析了膨胀特性对深井软岩巷道围岩稳定性的影响；利用最新的弹塑性理论研究成果。推导出了膨胀角与围岩变形的直接关系式；采用数值力学的研究方法，分析了软岩巷道周围体积膨胀与扩容现象．数值模拟结果表明：软岩巷道表面变形和巷道周边体积应变随膨胀角的变化均成非线性递增，膨胀角愈大，软岩巷道的围岩条件愈差，巷道周边围压越大，所需要的支护力就越大。这些重要结论为深井条件下软岩巷道工程提供参考．     

膨胀特性对软岩巷道围岩变形规律的影响研究

针对软岩巷道的特点,利用泥灰岩三轴试验结果,分析了膨胀特性对深井软岩巷道围岩稳定性的影响;利用最新的弹塑性理论研究成果,推导出了膨胀角与围岩变形的直接关系式;采用数值力学的研究方法,分析了软岩巷道周围体积膨胀与扩容现象.数值模拟结果表明:软岩巷道表面变形和巷道周边体积应变随膨胀角的变化均成非线性递增,膨胀角愈大,软岩巷道的围岩条件愈差,巷道周边围压越大,所需要的支护力就越大,这些重要结论为深井条件下软岩巷道工程提供参考.     

三软综放沿空锚网索支护巷道回采期间围岩变形特征

针对三软综放沿空巷道围岩大变形、难支护的特点,提出采用锚网索支护新技术,通过对试验巷道数值模拟以及表面位移、围岩深部位移和围岩应力的现场监测,分析了试验巷道矿压显现活动规律,掌握了试验巷道在锚网索支护下的围岩变形规律,这为锚网索支护在三软煤层巷道的推广应用和支护参数设计提供了科学依据.     

Deformation and failure study of surrounding rocks of dynamic pressure roadways in deep mines

In order to understand the change rules of stress-displacement in surrounding rocks of dynamic pressure roadways in deep mines and to obtain a theoretical basis for analyses of roadway stability and designs of support,we established a coupling equation of adjacent rock strength,mining stress and supporting resistance on the basis of an elastic-plastic theory of mechanics.We obtained an analytical solution for stress and displacement distribution of elastic and plastic regions in surrounding rock of dynamic pressure roadway..Based on this theory,we have analyzed the changes in stress-displacement in elastic and plastic regions of surrounding rocks of dynamic pressure roadways in the Haizi Coal Mine.The results show that:1) radial and tangential stress change violently within the first 4 m from the inner surface of a roadway after excavation;radial stress increases while tangential stress decreases within a range of about 6 m from the inner surface of the roadway as a function of q3;2) radial and tangential stress increase with an increase in the mining pressure coefficient k;the increase in the rate of tangential stress is greater than that of radial stress;3) the radial displacement of the inner surface of roadways decreases with an increase in q3,provided that k remains unchanged.     

松软煤层回风平巷高强U钢支护数值模拟研究

依据永煤集团主焦矿软弱底板的典型地质条件,采用FLAC3D数值模拟的方法研究巷道U29高强度型钢支护下围岩的稳定性,通过与锚喷支护作对照研究,分析得出其应力、位移、塑性区等的变化规律．对U29型铜支护方式进行现场工业性试验,随巷道掘进布置测站,定期监测围岩变形情况及支架的受力状态．结果表明,U29型高强度型钢支架能有效控制围岩变形破坏,支架结构稳定可靠,为保证煤巷的稳定及选择合理的支护形式提供了理论和现场依据．     

Influence of dynamic pressure on deep underground soft rock roadway support and its application

Due to high ground stress and mining disturbance, the deformation and failure of deep soft rock roadway is serious, and invalidation of the anchor net-anchor cable supporting structure occurs. The failure characteristics of roadways revealed with the help of the ground pressure monitoring. Theoretical analysis was adopted to analyze the influence of mining disturbance on stress distribution in surrounding rock,and the change of stress was also calculated. Considering the change of stress in surrounding rock of bottom extraction roadway, the displacement, plastic zone and distribution law of principal stress difference under different support schemes were studied by means of FLAC3D. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel was proposed for bottom extraction roadway that underwent mining disturbance. We carried out a similarity model test to verify the effect of support in dynamic pressure. Monitoring results demonstrated the change rules of deformation and stress of surrounding rock in different supporting schemes. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel had an effective control on deformation of surrounding rock. The scheme was successfully applied in underground engineering practice, and achieved good technical and economic benefits.     

巷道围岩变形量与开采深度的关系

本文通过理论分析、相似材料模拟试验、现场实测，总结出巷道围岩失稳的临界深度与围岩性质及支护方式有关，围岩强度越高，失稳的临界深度越大；主动支扩大于被动支护的巷道围岩失稳的临界深度。这些结论对于深部开采巷道布置、支护方式的选择具有重要意义。