ELID精密镜面外圆磨削技术的应用

在线电解修整(ELID)精密镜面磨削有效地实现了许多难加工材料的平面精密加工和高效加工.本文介绍了ELID磨削技术在精密镜面外圆磨削上的应用.通过采用金属基超硬磨料砂轮在线电解修整对硬质合金、碳化硅陶瓷进行精密镜面外圆磨削,得到了表面粗糙度Ra=0.025～0.028μm的加工表面.     

ELID精密镜面外圆磨削技术的应用

在线电解修整（ELID）精密镜面磨削有效地实现了许多难加工材料的平面精密加工和高效加工。本文介绍了ELID磨削技术在精密镜面外圆磨削上的应用。通过采用金属基超硬磨料砂轮在线电解修整对硬质合金,碳化硅陶瓷进行精密镜面外圆磨削,得到了表面粗糙度Ra=0.025-0.0028μm的加工表面。     

应用在线电解修整磨削和磁流变光整加工组合工艺进行碳化硅的纳米加工

利用在线电解修整镜面磨削和磁流变光整加工技术对化学气相沉积碳化硅反射镜进行纳米级精度的加工。首先进行在线电解修整磨削，使反射镜面高效率加工成形，并获得较好的形状精度和表面质量；然后利用磁流变技术进行光整加工，以减少反射镜的亚表面损伤，提高表面质量，并通过修正加工，显著提高了工件表面的形状精度。对化学气相沉积碳化硅进行了一系列的加工试验，高效率地得到Rq=2．4nm（均方根偏差）的表面粗糙度和21．2nm的形状精度，并且对在线电解修整镜面磨削与磁流变光整加工所生成的表面特性进行了分析比较。     

一种光学材料高效超精密加工方法

提出了结合磁流变光整加工(MRF)与在线电解修整(ELID)磨削对各种光学材料进行超精密加工的方法,即采用ELID磨削进行预抛光以获得高质量表面,然后采用MRF进行精密抛光以进一步减小表面粗糙度和形状误差.利用该组合工艺对BK7玻璃、硅晶玻璃、碳化硅等光学材料进行了超精密加工实验,可以在短时间内使光学材料工件表面得到亚纳米级的表面粗糙度和峰谷值为λ/20(λ为单位波长,λ=632.8nm)的形状精度.     

中大口径轴对称光学非球面超精密磨削数控机床的研制

通过系统分析轴对称中大口径方形光学非球面包络法加工原理,提出了非球面磨削加工机床各轴系运动的数学控制模型,设计并研制了非球面精密磨削加工机床及机床速度、位移双闭环控制系统,在研制的加工机床上进行了330×300mm的方形光学非球面镜片磨削试验,并采用数字型电感测微仪设计了非球面在线检测系统,通过对加工后的光学非球面进行在线检测,试验结果表明设计并研制的光学非球面磨削加工机床加工精度满足光学非球面镜片加工面形精度PV值达到4μm的要求,且加工效率高,适用于中大口径非球面磨削加工。     

表面激光织构对碳化硅陶瓷磨削性能影响研究

目前工程陶瓷材料的加工方式主要依靠金刚石砂轮磨削,传统磨削加工中,碳化硅陶瓷本身的硬脆性导致加工过程易引入表面/亚表面损伤,且存在切削力大、砂轮磨损严重、材料去除率低等问题。针对上述难题,本文通过表面织构技术辅助碳化硅陶瓷磨削,采用毫秒脉冲激光在碳化硅陶瓷表面烧蚀特定且均匀分布的表面织构,深入研究激光表面织构参数对碳化硅陶瓷磨削性能的影响规律。结果表明：保持磨削加工参数及状态不变,当织构深度和宽度一定时,织构横向间距(织构面积)对磨削力的影响最大,横向间距越大,粗糙度值越大;与传统磨削加工相比,两种激光织构辅助磨削性能均有所提升,其中网格状织构表现更为优异。     

碳化硅圆柱槽微结构表面的化学机械抛光

目前工业界对高精度微结构功能表面玻璃元件,比如作为高性能二极管激光器准直透镜关键元件的圆柱槽阵列微结构功能表面玻璃元件的需求日趋增加,而其微结构表面质量的优劣也会直接影响激光器输出功率的大小。该类元件能否很好的实现其特定的光学功能取决于玻璃模压用具有微结构表面的模具(如碳化硅陶瓷等)最终加工质量,但由于碳化硅等陶瓷的超硬材料属性导致其微结构表面在精密磨削后还需要进行后续的抛光加工以达到使用精度要求。因此针对精密磨削后的无压烧结碳化硅(SSi C)微结构表面展开原位化学机械抛光(CMP)试验,试验结果表明,微结构表面粗糙度Ra及面形精度PV由磨削后的71.8 nm和2.14μm降低到了抛光后的7.7 nm和0.46μm;抛光后微结构尖角处形貌完整无破损,但尖角圆弧半径R有所扩大,由磨削后的8.082μm增大到9.294μm;微结构亚表面裂纹深度经抛光后由磨削后的5μm左右降低至1μm左右,从而有效地提高了模具精度。     

柱面微透镜阵列的精密磨削

柱面微透镜阵列的加工精度要求高,加工效率低,采用具有微细轮廓结构的成形砂轮进行磨削加工能够极大地提高加工效率。为了预测成形砂轮磨削工件的面形误差和表面粗糙度,建立了成形砂轮磨削仿真模型。通过滤波方法分析和模拟微细结构成形砂轮的磨粒突出高度的偏态分布特征,结合实测的砂轮的轮廓形状和跳动完成了整体的空间砂轮的重构,同时建立了砂轮表面磨粒的磨削运动学模型,模拟出工件磨削加工后的表面形貌。最后,开展磨削实验验证了仿真模型的有效性。对比仿真与实验结果可知,面形误差PV值的偏差为5.78%,Ra值的偏差为17.3%,Rz值的偏差为12.9%。该磨削仿真模型能有效预测磨削表面的面形误差和表面粗糙度。     

碳化硅陶瓷高效端面磨削试验研究

碳化硅陶瓷材料多采用小磨削深度的传统磨削方法,磨削效率较低。采用金刚石砂轮对碳化硅陶瓷材料进行了端面磨削试验研究,选用低进给速度和大磨削深度,探究了不同磨削参数对磨削力和磨削表面粗糙度的影响规律,分析了磨削表面的损伤形式,进一步验证了碳化硅陶瓷磨削加工材料去除机理。试验结果表明,端面磨削方法可以进行大切深的磨削加工,砂轮预紧力对磨削力和磨削面粗糙度有一定的影响作用。     

超精密陶瓷关节球磨削中砂轮与工件位置误差对面形精度的影响

分析了陶瓷关节球在超精密磨削加工中产生面形精度误差的原因,论述了砂轮位置误差与轴跳动误差对关节球面形精度的影响,通过建立三维空间磨削模型,推导出了位置误差与面形精度的数学关系,计算出了存在位置误差时球面上各点到理想球心的距离,得到了精确的实际球面面形,为磨削过程中提高面形精度提供了理论支持。并在自行研制的超精密磨削机床上进行了磨削陶瓷球面的试验,得到了面形精度PV值为4.8μm的陶瓷关节球,满足了人工关节替代生物骨的需求。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Quantum Cooperative Robotics and Autonomy

The intersection of Quantum Technologies and Robotics Autonomy is explored in the present paper.The two areas are brought together in establishing an interdisci...     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

考虑进油孔有限长滑动轴承油膜力的近似解析解

针对具有进油孔的有限长滑动轴承油膜力求解问题,采用变分原理和分离变量法,求得了有限长滑动轴承油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式。将油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式在油膜存在区域上进行积分,即得到了油膜力。将提出的计算有限长滑动轴承油膜力方法与无限长轴承模型、有限元方法的计算结果进行了比较,发现了提出的方法与有限元方法的计算结果很接近。最后,研究了进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域、油膜力等的影响,研究结果表明进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域和油膜力有较大的影响。     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

Fifth International Summer School on Screw-Theory Based Methods in Robotics

正3-11 September,2014University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy www.summerscrews.org summerscrews2014.ing.unibo.it SUMMER 20SCREWS 14In 2014,our screw-theory school comes to the world's oldest university.In early September,Summer Screws'14 will gather six experts in the application of screw theory in robotics and up to 40 participants at the University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy.The school will teach attendees how to apply existing methods and empower them to develop new ones in their own research.The basic theoretical notions will be introduced in a rigorous manner,emphasizing examples,applications,and exercises.Scholarships are available.     

交通荷载作用下桥梁结构参数识别方法

应用动力节点加载法,将作用在桥梁上的交通荷载转化为等效节点荷载,再用两步构造法识别结构物理参数.第1步,用Newmark-β方法变换结构运动方程,并用结构的加速度响应求得变换空间内的位移、速度和加速度响应;第2步,基于最小二乘原理,构造出变换空间内求解结构参数的递推式,进行结构物理参数识别.数值模拟结果表明,在交通荷载作用下,该方法能够快速、准确地进行桥梁结构参数识别.     

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND VISUALISATION-A PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE

Taking the actual project of teaching and researching process for example, the relationship between the industrial engineering and product development is discussed. And use the novel visualization technology to support the industrial engineering and product development. How to use the new computer modeling and simulating technologies to support the product development and industrial engineering, is introduced especially. The support includes both domestic products and industrial systems. The visualization and computer technologies take a very important role in some system or multi-direction modeling, those technologies mentioned above can help the industrial engineers study the effect of design on the whole life circle, including the producing steps. So the engineers can avoid making the wrong decision which may cause bad effects on the whole industrial engineering.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.