Evaluation of the possible use of potentially probiotic Lactobacillus strains in dairy products

In the study, the ability of two potentially probiotic strains Lactobacillus plantarum 14 and Lactobacillus fermentum 4a to milk fermentation and the possibility to use them in yogurt production were investigated. The strains did not acidify milk during 24 h and 72 h fermentation at 37C, but grew well and remained at the level of 10⁸ colony-forming units (CFU)/mL during 21 days of cold storage. Their application to yogurt production along with commercial starter culture consisted on L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus allowed to obtain products with typical sensory properties, pH values and numbers of potentially probiotic bacteria at desired level 10⁷ CFU/mL.     

Effect of milk base and starter culture on acidification,texture, and probiotic cell counts in fermented milk processing

In the present work, the compared effect of milk base and starter culture on acidification, texture, growth, and stability of probiotic bacteria in fermented milk processing, was studied. Two strains of probiotic bacteria were used, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5 and L. rhamnosus LR35, with two starter cultures. One starter culture consisted only of Streptococcus thermophilus ST7 (single starter culture); the other was a yogurt mixed culture with S. thermophilus ST7 and L. bulgaricus LB12 (mixed starter culture). For the milk base preparation, four commercial dairy ingredients were tested (two milk protein concentrates and two casein hydrolysates). The resulting fermented milks were compared to those obtained with control milk (without enrichment) and milk added with skim milk powder. The performance of the two probiotic strains were opposite. L. acidophilus LA5 grew well on milk but showed a poor stability during storage. L. rhamnosus LR35 grew weakly on milk but was remarkably stable during storage. With the strains tested in this study, the use of the single starter culture and the addition of casein hydrolysate gave the best probiotic cell counts. The fermentation time was of about 11 h, and the probiotic level after five weeks of storage was greater than 106 cfu/ml for L. acidophilus LA5 and 10(7) cfu/ml for L. rhamnosus LR35. However, an optimization of the level of casein hydrolysate added to milk base has to be done, in order to improve texture and flavor when using this dairy ingredient.     

Oat-based Symbiotic Beverage Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. casei, and Lactobacillus acidophilus

ABSTRACT: Oats and probiotics have long been recognized for their health benefits. The objectives of this study were (1) to study the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum (B-28), Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. casei (B-29) isolated from a traditional Bulgarian cereal-based fermented beverage, and Lactobacillus acidophilus from Chr. Hansen, Milwaukee, Wis., U.S.A., to remove cholesterol from the media and to adhere to the Caco-2 cell line, (2) to optimize the fermentation conditions to develop a beverage using these probiotics and oats with acceptable sensory and nutritional qualities, and (3) to assess the quality and shelf-life of this beverage and survivability of probiotics in the beverage. Lactobacillus acidophilus , B-28, and B-29 were found to remove 70.67%± 2.35%, 20.26%± 2.63%, and 16.75%± 3.83% of cholesterol from media and the percentage of adhesion was 4.69%± 0.78%, 1.92%± 0.78%, and 8.36%± 0.78%, respectively. The blend of oat flour, sugar, inulin, and whey protein concentrate was cooked in water and fermented for 12 h at 37°C by 2 ± 10⁶ colony-forming units (CFU) /mL each of B-28 and B-29 and 2 ± 10⁸ CFU/mL of L. acidophilus . The beverage had 0.87%± 0.03% of dietary fiber and had better sensory qualities compared with the commercially available similar product. The probiotics survived for 10 wk of storage at 4°C, except for L. acidophilus , which survived for about 4 wk. The population of B-28 was 1.77 ± 10⁶ to 1.29 ± 10⁷ CFU/mL and that of B-29 was 7.39 ± 10⁷ to 4.49 ± 10⁸ CFU/mL throughout the storage period. The oat-based symbiotic beverage is a functional drink providing both probiotics and prebiotics at the same time.     

Fermentation characteristics and transit tolerance of Lactobacillus casei Zhang in reconstituted mare milk during storage

The fermentation characteristics of Lactobacillus casei Zhang in mare milk and transit tolerance during refrigerated storage for 28 days were evaluated. There were no dramatic changes in the viable counts of L. casei Zhang in the fermented mare milk samples during storage at various inoculation levels. L. casei Zhang showed good tolerance to the simulated transit juice and maintained high viability in mare milk (above 10⁸cfu/g) during storage. Our results showed that L. casei Zhang had good probiotic properties, and suggest that mare milk could serve as the vehicle for the delivery of L. casei Zhang.     

Enhancement of Fermentation Process in Pu-Erh Tea by Tea-Leaf Extract

ABSTRACT:  Pu-erh tea is known as a fermented tea and longer storage enhances its flavor and taste. Recently,  Aspergillu s,  Blastobotrys , and  Streptomyces  are found to play important roles in nutritional enhancement of Pu-erh tea by fermentation. Since water and temperature affect the microbial growth, we therefore explored the factors that might enhance the Pu-erh tea fermentation. The results showed that the addition of fresh tea-leaf extract (TLE) enhanced the withered tea fermentation (at 37 °C, 80 to 85% RH) as compared with the water only. Contents of statin, GABA, gallic acid, DPPH scavenging and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities were increased, whereas polyphenols and caffeine were decreased over 6 mo. TLE dose-dependently enhanced some of the qualities (that is, statin, PPO) of Pu-erh tea significantly as compared with the water only. The effect was related to the increase population of  A. niger  and  A. carbonarius  at 6 mo (from 7.6 ± 1.2 × 10¹ and 3.2 ± 1.3 × 10¹ to 3.1 ± 1.2 × 10⁶ and 2.4 ± 1.1 × 10⁵ colony forming units [CFU]/g, respectively). After drying process (90 °C, 30 min), the total microbial count from these samples returned to background level (3 ± 0.5 × 10² CFU/g). None of ochratoxin and fumonisin, toxins from  Aspergillus , was detected in the final products. The flavor and taste were also enhanced by treatment with TLE. The inoculation with  S. cinereus  Y11 with 2% TLE further enhanced these functional contents (about 2-fold increase of statin level) in the experimental Pu-erh tea. Therefore, this result may add a new process for Pu-erh tea manufacture.     

Manufacture of Fermented Lactic Beverages Containing Probiotic Cultures

ABSTRACT: Lactic beverages (LB) are products prepared with yogurt, whey, and other ingredients; they are popular among consumers in Brazil. LB containing probiotics were manufactured to study bacteria viability and to evaluate product characteristics during shelf life. Although counts decreased, 5.3 × 10⁶ CFU/mL of probiotics in average after 28 d were found. LB behaved as pseudoplastic fluids with thixotropy, and flow curves were best fitted by Oswald-de-Waele model. Apparent viscosity and pH decreased slightly with storage. LB showed phase separation increasing until 35% after 14 d, stabilizing after. Finally, microscopy observations showed a dispersion of protein particles. Filamentous and spherical structures corresponded to guar and starch that were added as stabilizers. No differences were noticed between products containing yogurt bacteria and those with probiotics.     

乳酸菌蛋白降解及产香能力分析

研究了分离自新疆酸奶疙瘩中6株乳酸菌在37℃下蛋白质降解和产香能力。结果表明,6株乳酸菌稳定期活菌数均在108CFU/mL以上,且凝乳细腻,具有良好的组织状态。各菌株发酵性能有差异,干酪乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌、乳脂乳球菌3株菌发酵性能较植物乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌发酵性能优,可用于不同风味和功能的发酵乳制品生产。其中,干酪乳杆菌具有良好的蛋白水解力,发酵15h,酪氨酸含量为594.33μg/mL;乳脂乳球菌产香性能好,发酵24h,丁二酮含量为12.32μg/mL、乙醛含量为59.27μg/mL,与其他菌株具有显著差异;瑞士乳杆菌具有强的产酸、产黏特性,发酵24h,酸度达159.76°T,黏度值1 389mPa·s。     

Potentially probiotic açaí yogurt

The aim of this work was to evaluate the suitability of yogurt containing açaí pulp as a food carrier of probiotic cultures. Probiotic yogurts containing increasing amounts of açaí pulp (3, 5 and 7%) were processed and submitted to a physicochemical analysis and viable microbial count during refrigerated storage. In general, all the physicochemical parameters showed variations proportional to the amount of açaí pulp in the product formulation. Probiotic activity was verified throughout refrigerated storage for all the products, although there was a fall of one logarithmic cycle for both micro-organisms during this period (10⁷–10⁸ CFU/mL).     

不同质量浓度低聚果糖和低聚半乳糖对发酵乳品质的影响

研究不同质量浓度低聚果糖和低聚半乳糖对发酵乳在发酵期和贮藏期内乳中菌落活菌数、滴定酸度和黏度的影响。结果表明：在发酵期低聚果糖（QHT-90 FOS）对发酵乳中乳酸菌活菌数的增殖作用要显著高于低聚半乳糖（QHT-60 GOS）,在QHT-90 FOS质量浓度为1.5 g/100 mL的样品中,12 h时瑞士乳杆菌（Lactobacillushelveticus）MB2-1活菌数可达到4.44×109 CFU/g,而不同质量浓度和结构的低聚果糖和低聚半乳糖对样品滴定酸度和黏度的影响差异不显著;此外在4 ℃发酵乳贮藏期间,QHT-90 FOS对L. helveticus MB2-1有一定保护作用,在QHT-90 FOS质量浓度为1.5 g/100 mL的样品中,贮藏14 d后,活菌数仅减少11.90%,而滴定酸度基本不变,产品黏度保持在9 000 mPa·s。     

含发酵乳杆菌HY01牦牛酸奶工艺优化及主体风味成分动态解析

利用具有益生性能的发酵乳杆菌HY01生产牦牛酸奶,首先通过单因素试验、响应面试验优化益生菌发酵条件,观察贮藏期间产品的品质变化,并且利用电子鼻解析不同后熟时间牦牛酸奶的香气成分变化。结果表明：发酵乳杆菌HY01生产牦牛酸奶的优化工艺条件为接种量4%、40 ℃发酵6 h时感官评分89.72 分,益生菌数8.90×108 CFU/mL。在28 d贮藏期内牦牛酸奶益生菌数高于107 CFU/mL,酸度低于118 °T。贮藏0～14 d时4 项质构指标（黏性、硬度、稠度、黏聚性）、双乙酰和乙醛含量、感官评分基本保持不变,14 d后下降。此外,电子鼻传感器对香气响应值的主成分分析表明,牦牛酸奶特征香气由氮氧化物、甲基类、硫化物和醇类组成,与市售鲜牛乳制备酸奶的香气含量区别显著。可见,含发酵乳杆菌HY01的牦牛酸奶不仅具有良好的性能及风味,而且有望对肠道健康起到有益作用。     

Sensory Acceptability and Stability of Probiotic Microorganisms and Vitamin C in Fermented Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) Ice Cream

ABSTRACT:  Six fermented acerola ice creams were produced, containing different starter cultures ( Bifidobacterium longum , Bi.lactis , and traditional yogurt starter culture— Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus ) and final pH (5 and 4.5). The ice creams were evaluated for probiotic culture viability, vitamin C stability, and sensory acceptance. Mix fermentations were stopped when pH 5.0 and 5.5 were attained. However, after the addition of acerola pulp the determined pH were 4.5 and 5, respectively. Mixes were frozen and stored for 15 wk at −18 °C. The viable counts for probiotic cultures remained above the recommended minimum limit of 10⁶ cfu/g during 15 wk storage even in products with pH 4.5. Vitamin C concentration remained around 140 mg/100 g of product. The attributes of aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptance obtained scores in the range of 5.15 to 7.22. The fermented acerola ice cream was a suitable food for the delivery of vitamin C and Bifidobacterium strains with excellent viability and acceptable sensory characteristics.     

酸豆乳发酵工艺条件的优化

以新鲜大豆和成品牛乳为原料,研究了发酵工艺对酸豆乳酸度、黏度和乳酸菌活力等指标的影响。结果显示,以传统酸奶发酵剂乳酸菌为菌种,大豆浆液为主要原料,经发酵获得酸豆乳工艺可行。在单因素实验的基础上,经正交实验确定酸豆乳发酵的最佳工艺条件为:豆浆和牛奶体积比为5∶5,发酵9 h,按0.5 g/L发酵液添加驯化后乳酸菌液作为发酵剂,经发酵得到的产品酸度达到70°T以上,黏度2025 mPa.s,凝乳性较好,美兰褪色时间为50 min,乳酸菌活力提高,无豆腥味。     

Control of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meats containing sodium levulinate, sodium lactate, or a combination of sodium lactate and sodium diacetate

ABSTRACT:  This study investigated the use of sodium levulinate to prevent outgrowth of Listeria monocytogenes in refrigerated ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products. Turkey breast roll and bologna were formulated to contain 1%, 2%, or 3% (w/w) sodium levulinate, 2% sodium lactate, a 2% combination of sodium lactate and sodium diacetate (1.875% sodium lactate and 0.125% sodium diacetate), or no antimicrobial (control). Samples of the RTE products were sliced, inoculated with 10² to 10³ CFU/cm² of a 5-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes , vacuum packaged, and stored at refrigeration temperature for 0 to 12 wk. Counts reached 10⁸ CFU/cm² on control turkey roll product after 8 wk, and over 10⁷ CFU/cm² on control bologna after 12 wk. Addition of 2% or more sodium levulinate to turkey roll and 1% or more sodium levulinate to bologna completely prevented growth of L. monocytogenes during 12 wk of refrigerated storage. A consumer taste panel with pathogen-free samples found no differences in the overall liking among the preparations of turkey roll or among preparations of bologna. These results show that sodium levulinate is at least as effective at inhibiting outgrowth of L. monocytogenes in RTE meat products as the current industry standards of lactate or lactate and diacetate, and levulinate addition does not alter the overall liking of the RTE meat products.     

A STUDY ON SURVIVAL OF Staphylococcus aureus IN DARK AND MILK CHOCOLATE

Dark and milk chocolate bars were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus to establish an initial population of approximately 10², 10⁴ and 10⁶ cells per gram. Samples were stored at room temperature and examined for the survival of staphylococci at 2-day intervals for the first 6 days and every 8 days thereafter. When samples were inoculated with 10² cells per gram, absence of staphylococci was observed after 2-days in dark and 14 days of storage in milk chocolate. Bars with 10⁴ cells per gram were free of cells after 38 days in dark and 86 days of storage in milk chocolate. Dark chocolate bars with 106 cells per gram, were staphylococci free after 86 days of storage; whereas the milk chocolate bars with same level of inoculation were shown to be staphylococci free after 110 days of storage     

USE OF MEAT ISOLATE, LACTOBACILLUS BAVARICUS MN, TO INHIBIT LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES GROWTH IN A MODEL MEAT GRAVY SYSTEM

The ability of Lactococcus lactis 11454 , Pediococcus pentosaceus 43200 and Lactobacillus bavaricus MN, originally isolated from dairy, vegetable, and meat products, respectively, to inhibit growth of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in a model beef gravy was examined. In the first series of experiments, where the lactic acid bacteria and L. monocytogenes were inoculated at levels of 10⁵ CFU/mL and 10³ CFU/mL, respectively only L. bavaricus inhibited listerial growth at 10C. Subsequent experiments using L. bavaricus MN confirmed that the inhibition was caused by a bacteriocin, occurred at temperatures at low as 4C, and could be initiated by 10³ CFU/mL L. bavaricus in the presence of L. monocytogenes at levels 10-fold higher. Although the inhibitory agent was protease-sensitive and inhibition occurred in the absence of a fermentable carbohydrate, the presence of acid enhanced efficacy of the bacteriocin .     

Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on Beef Bologna and Cheddar Cheese Using Polyvinyl-idene Chloride Films Containing Sorbic Acid

ABSTRACT: Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC, Saran^R F-310) films containing sorbic acid (0%, 1.5%, and 3.0% w/v) were prepared with use of a solvent-casting method and were then placed between slices of commercially produced beef bologna that were previously surface-inoculated with L. monocytogenes at 10³ or 10⁵ CFU/g. In addition, cubes of commercial Cheddar cheese were surface-inoculated to contain 10³ or 10⁵ Listeria monocytogenes colony-forming units (CFU) /g and then wrapped with the sorbic acid-containing films. Films containing 1.5% and 3.0% (w/ v) sorbic acid prevented growth of L. monocytogenes on bologna slices with populations as much as 7.1 logs lower after 28 d of storage at 4 °C compared with the sorbic acid-free controls. In contrast, numbers of Listeria remained relatively stable on Cheddar cheese with populations decreasing < 1.3 logs after 35 d of storage. With use of the sorbic acid-containing films, common spoilage organisms were also inhibited on both products. After 28 d of contact with bologna and Cheddar cheese, these films retained 7% and 60% of their original sorbic acid content, respectively, with the control film retaining 85% of its original sorbic acid content. Given these findings, sorbic acid-containing films may be useful in enhancing the safety and shelf-life of ready-to-eat delicatessen products.     

新疆传统乳制品中优良乳酸菌的筛选及多菌株发酵剂的研究

从新疆地区采集的46份传统乳制品中分离获得的612株乳酸菌,根据菌株来源、培养条件,形态特征、凝乳状态和产酸特性,选择其中20株乳酸菌进行生理生化鉴定和酸奶发酵试验,结果表明,分离株中3株为链球菌,4株为乳球菌,13株为乳杆菌,平均发酵产酸速率在8.11~12.43oT/h,不同菌株在酸乳冷藏期间表现出不同的后酸化活性,冷藏15d滴定酸度提高了6.3%~55.7%。不同菌株凝乳时黏度在272~1085cp,多数菌株发酵乳在冷藏期间黏度呈上升趋势,球菌的产黏能力普遍低于杆菌。气相色谱分析结果显示不同菌株发酵乳中丁二酮在3.51~68.74mg/L,乙醛在3.51~68.74mg/L,丙酮在0.87~48.35mg/L,乙酸乙酯在0~103.68mg/L,异戊醇都未检出。经过混合菌株发酵生产酸乳比较,发现以S.thermophilusX1、S.thermophilusX5、L.plantarumY5和L.delbrueckii bulgaricussubsp.Y10按1∶1∶1∶1比例组合作为发酵剂,生产的酸乳组织状态较好、风味独特、后酸化弱。     

Microbiological study of semi-hard goat's milk cheese (Majorero)

The development of microbial flora in industrially produced semi-hard cheese made from pasteurized goat's milk was studied during manufacture and over a 90-day ripening period.
Estimates of total count, streptococci, lactobacilli, leuconostocs, coliforms, micrococci and staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and yeasts and moulds were carried out at various stages of the ripening process; streptococci and lactobacilli were identified by species.
Initially, the total count increased rapidly, primarily as a result of the growth of mesophilic lactic streptococci mainly Streptococcus lactis and Strep, cremoris. Subsequently, both these counts stabilized or decreased. Lactobacilli increased, and by the end of the ripening period were the predominant microorganisms. Most common were Lactobacillus casei var. casei. , especially at the end of storage; L. casei var. rhamnosus , L. casei var. plantarum and L. cellobiosus were also isolated. Leuconostocs were not found in any of the cheeses, and hence no eye formation took place. Coliforms, enterococci, yeasts and moulds remained below 10²–10³ c.f.u. g⁻¹. Maximum levels of micrococci and staphylococci were found after 15–30 days of ripening and decreased gradually towards the end of the ripening period. Neither the milk curd, nor cheese contained Staph. aureus.     

乳脂乳球菌复配发酵乳贮藏期品质变化研究

探讨了分离自新疆酸奶疙瘩的一株乳脂乳球菌,在乳制品应用中具有的潜在益生价值。通过测定多肽、滴定酸度、丁二酮、乙醛、黏度、活菌数等指标,研究了乳脂乳球菌复配菌株发酵乳在贮藏期间的发酵特性。结果表明,在贮藏期发酵乳各指标均显著高于对照组,酸度升高了29.59 °T,后酸化能力较强。丁二酮含量在整个贮藏过程中较稳定,乙醛、多肽、黏度、胞外多糖的含量在贮藏7 d后达到最大值。多肽含量最高达3.34 mg/mL,胞外多糖含量与测定的黏度值呈现正相关。活菌数呈下降趋势,贮藏21 d后,为7.8×107 CFU/mL,仍高于发酵乳标准中活菌数1×106 CFU/mL的要求。     

鼠李糖乳杆菌GG发酵驼乳与牛乳的发酵特性和降糖活性比较

本试验以耐酸、耐氧、定植力强及功能性丰富的鼠李糖乳杆菌GG (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG,L-GG)单菌发酵的驼乳和牛乳为研究对象,通过鼠李糖乳杆菌GG的生长曲线确定发酵时间,评价不同发酵时间和不同储藏时间下,发酵驼乳与牛乳的发酵特性(pH、滴定酸度和活菌数)、蛋白质水解活性和降糖活性(α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性)。结果表明,pH、滴定酸度、活菌数和蛋白质水解活性存在一定的内在联系。随着发酵时间的增加,两种发酵乳的pH下降,滴定酸度上升,活菌数和蛋白质水解活性也在不断增加。在储藏期间,pH、滴定酸度、活菌数和蛋白质水解活性逐渐趋于稳定。发酵驼乳较发酵牛乳的pH低,滴定酸度、活菌数和蛋白质水解活性高,在维持发酵品质和延长货架期方面优于发酵牛乳。经过发酵后的原料乳降糖活性提高,在发酵和储藏期间发酵驼乳和牛乳都表现出很高的α-淀粉酶抑制活性,在储藏期间表现出较高的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,整体上看发酵驼乳的降糖活性优于发酵牛乳。