碳化物超高温陶瓷太阳能选择性吸收涂层的研究进展

太阳能选择性吸收涂层是将太阳辐射选择性吸收转化成热能的材料.为更大限度地利用太阳能,高温太阳能选择性吸收涂层成为提高光热转化效率的关键部件.碳化物超高温陶瓷因具有良好的光学性能和高温稳定性而成为优选材料.目前,很多研究者已通过磁控溅射法、热喷涂法、溶胶凝胶法和激光涂覆法等方法制备了多种碳化物陶瓷基太阳能选择性吸收涂层,并且做了大量的工作来优化其性能.本文综述了碳化物陶瓷基太阳能选择性吸收涂层的研究进展,介绍了太阳能光谱选择性的要求及其选择性吸收的基本原理,总结了碳化物陶瓷基太阳能选择性吸收涂层的制备方法、材料、性能及其重要影响因素,最后展望了碳化物超高温陶瓷太阳能选择性吸收涂层的发展前景.     

真空管式太阳能集热器研究最新进展

从选择性吸收涂层的材料、结构、热稳定性及真空环境等方面综述了真空管式太阳能集热器的研究进展。不锈钢、Ti、Al、Ni类材料适于制备中低温选择性吸收涂层;而Mo和W类等高熔点材料,适于高温涂层。涂层结构方面,主要有吸收层/介质减反层的光干涉类、金属红外反射层/金属介质吸收层/介质减反层的金属陶瓷类。影响涂层热稳定性的主要因素是高温下涂层的破裂、氧化及元素扩散,涂层厚度与结构也能影响热稳定性。结果表明:①选择性吸收涂层制备,应采用电化学或磁控溅射技术并结合纳米材料对涂层进行多层化、梯度化研究;②应着重发展Mo类金属陶瓷型的热稳定性好的涂层,以实现高温高效集热;③应加快实现太阳能集热器的智能化、自动化与建筑一体化。     

太阳能光谱选择性吸收涂层研究进展

全面阐述了5种太阳能光谱选择性吸收涂层的作用机理和制备方法,综述了国内外该领域的研究工作和最新研究成果,并对选择性吸收涂层的发展方向进行了探讨。     

中高温太阳能选择性吸收涂层的研究进展

近年来太阳能中高温选择性吸收涂层的研制及应用成为人们关注的焦点。对中高温涂层的国内外研究现状做了详细描述,着重介绍了金属陶瓷吸收涂层和半导体金属光干涉涂层,并提出一种新型的具有核壳结构纳米级金属陶瓷复合涂层,理论上其具有很好的光学性能及高温稳定性。     

光谱选择性太阳能吸收涂层的研究进展

选择性吸收涂层技术是公认的太阳能光热转换较为核心的技术,它对提高太阳能热转换效率,大规模推广太阳能光热应用起着至关重要的作用。主要综述了光谱选择性太阳能吸收涂层的分类及制备方法。     

金属陶瓷太阳能涂层设计及高温稳定性研究

使用光学软件TFCalc设计了一种双金属陶瓷太阳能选择性吸收涂层,按照设计的最优涂层结构,采用磁控溅射法,在Cu基体上制备了Al-Al2O3涂层。为了测定该涂层的空气高温稳定性,使用划痕法测定涂层在常温和300℃/3h的结合强度,使用UV3600紫外-可见光-近红外分光光度计测定光谱特性。结果表明:经300℃空气高温处理3h后,涂层临界载荷由11.62N下降到8.75N,太阳光谱反射率由7%上升到14%左右。     

先进高温选择吸收涂层材料及其稳定性研究

从高温选择吸收涂层材料的热力学基础、研究现状及热稳定性研究等方面简要阐述了先进高温选择性涂层的发展以及存在的问题。在高温选择吸收涂层材料及热稳定性研究方面,高熔点及耐氧化性的过渡族金属陶瓷材料经常是高温涂层的首选。此外,纳米晶、非晶以及多层膜结构等也对涂层的光学性能及热稳定性有积极作用。针对商业化应用,在后期的研究中还应继续解决涂层材料的高发射率及高温热不稳定等关键问题。     

NiSiO_2太阳光谱选择吸收涂层的设计制备及热稳定性研究

采用软件模拟辅助实验的方式制备了新型Al/NiSiO_2(M)/NiSiO_2(D)/SiO_2太阳光谱选择吸收涂层,并对其热稳定性进行了研究。使用磁控溅射技术,通过改变氧气(O_2)流量制备了一系列NiSiO_2膜层,研究了O_2流量对膜层光学性能的影响,并使用光学模拟软件对涂层进行设计和优化。根据模拟优化结果在不锈钢基底上成功制备了Al/NiSiO_2(M)/NiSiO_2(D)/SiO_2光谱选择吸收涂层,其吸收率(α)为0.933,400℃下的发射率(ε)为0.14。涂层在空气中450℃高温下热处理100h后,其吸收率与发射率之比(α/ε)由6.66上升至7.62,依然保持着较高的光谱选择性,表明涂层具有较好的热稳定性。     

等离子喷涂与溶胶-凝胶法组合制备中高温太阳能选择性吸收复合涂层

为了制备出高效的非真空、中高温太阳能选择性吸收涂层,先在光亮Cu片上等离子喷涂Cr—Al2O3金属陶瓷吸收层,再用溶胶-凝胶法在其上制备了SnO2选择性透过膜,对复合涂层的相结构、表面形貌、光学性能进行了研究。结果表明：金属陶瓷吸收层由金属颗粒Cr与Al2O3组成,物相稳定,表面凹凸不平,气孔较多,发射率较高;覆盖Sn...     

一种新型光谱选择性吸收涂层——真空蒸镀黑铝涂层

本文介绍用一般真空镀膜工艺,通过控制蒸镀时的气氛和压力,研制成功一种新型光谱选择性吸收涂层。该涂层具有α_s>0.87和ε_h<0.10的光学性能。透射电镜、扫描电镜、X-线衍射和俄歇电子能谱分析结果表明:黑铝涂层是由细晶铝和无定形氧化铝构成的金属陶瓷所组成,颗粒尺寸约为100～200(?)。涂层俄歇电子能谱分析结果表明:由于 AES 图中同时存在68;1396eV(Al)和51;1378eV Al_(Al_2O_3)两组特征峰,表明黑铝涂层由 Al 和Al_2O_3金属陶瓷所组成。根据原子百分含量计算的重量百分组成为:Al—0.43;Al_2O_3—0.57。由于黑铝涂层具有工艺简便、原料成本低、可加涂在塑料薄膜上和可望大面积连续蒸镀工艺等特点,因此是一种很有发展前景的廉价光谱选择性吸收涂层。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.