稀土对Zn20Sn高温无铅钎料组织与性能的影响

向Zn20Sn高温无铅钎料中添加微量铈镧混合稀土（RE）,研究了RE的添加量对该钎料合金显微组织及性能的影响。结果表明,添加微量RE的合金显微组织中出现含RE的金属间化合物（IMC）。随着RE的添加,形状各异的IMC的数量显著增加。RE质量分数为0.5%~1.0%的合金的固相线温度不变,而液相线温度略有降低。当RE质量分数为0.5%时,钎料在Cu基板上的铺展面积最大,比Zn20Sn钎料提高了57.6%。但随着RE的继续添加,钎料的润湿性降低。当RE质量分数超过0.1%时,钎料的显微硬度和电阻率随着RE含量的增加而增大。综合考虑,合适的RE添加量为质量分数0.5%。     

稀土元素对Sn-0.2Ag-0.7Cu钎料合金物理性能的影响

在筛选出综合性能较好的Sn-0.2Ag-0.7Cu钎料合金中,添加微量混合稀土元素(RE)以提高钎料的焊接性能。研究了稀土的添加量对其熔化温度、电导率和固–液相线温差等焊接性能的影响。结果表明:添加w(RE)为0.1%~0.5%时,固–液相线温差小于15℃,符合现行钎焊工艺要求,且对钎料合金的熔化温度和电导率影响不大。     

SnAgCuRE系钎料的钎焊接头组织与力学性能

以Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu为基础,添加微量的稀土(RE)r(Ce︰La)为4︰1,研究了钎焊接头的显微组织与力学性能。结果表明:添加微量的RE后,钎料与Cu试样间的界面层厚度明显减小,且界面处的组织更加平滑,相应地其剪切强度随微量RE的添加而增大,并在RE含量(质量分数)为0.1%时达到最大值36MPa。     

微量锗对Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni钎料微观组织与性能的影响

为改善Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni钎料抗氧化性差及溶铜速率快的问题,向Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni钎料中添加微量锗,研究了不同锗添加量(质量分数0.01%~0.10%)对SnCuNi钎料合金显微组织及性能的影响。结果表明,微量的锗能显著细化Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni钎料合金组织,抑制金属间化合物的生长,改善合金的组织分布,提高钎料的润湿性及力学性能。此外,锗的添加还能显著提高钎料的抗氧化性并降低溶铜速率,当锗的质量分数从0增至0.10%时,溶铜速率从0.117 m/s降至0.110 m/s。     

稀土改性的Sn-58Bi低温无铅钎料

研究了微量稀土对Sn-58Bi低温钎料的改性作用.试验添加质量分数为0.1 ?组混合稀土的无铅材料,并对比Sn-58Bi和Sn-58Bi0.5Ag合金.观察了钎料显微组织的变化并做了定量分析,采用DSC测试了钎料的熔化温度,同时测量了钎料的润湿性能、接头强度与硬度.结果表明,微量稀土添加细化了Sn-58Bi钎料合金的显微组织,对钎料的熔化温度几乎没有影响,能显著改善Sn-58Bi钎料的润湿性能和接头剪切强度,而且改善的程度优于添加微量Ag对Sn-58Bi钎料的作用.     

La对Sn-Ag-Cu无铅钎料组织与性能的影响

研究了微量稀土La对Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu无铅钎料显微组织、力学性能、断口形貌、润湿性能和熔点的影响.结果表明:La的质量分数为0.1%可使钎料合金晶粒细化,并显著提高钎料合金力学性能和润湿性能;添加La的质量分数为0.4%将形成粗大LaSn3初生枝晶相,降低力学性能和润湿性能;微量La使钎料合金的熔点轻微增加.     

Sn-Zn系无铅钎料最新进展

Sn-Zn系钎料熔点与传统Sn-37Pb钎料十分接近,成本低廉,被研究者所推崇。由于Zn的存在导致Sn-Zn钎料润湿性差及抗氧化性不足,阻碍了该钎料的发展。添加合金元素和纳米颗粒是改善Sn-Zn钎料组织和性能行之有效的方法之一,为国内外研究者所推崇。结合国内外Sn-Zn系无铅钎料最新研究成果,探讨添加微量的合金元素In、Ni、Cr、Ga、Bi、Cu、Al、Ag、稀土元素及纳米颗粒对钎料润湿性、抗氧化性、力学性能、显微组织和界面组织的影响,同时简述有关钎剂对Sn-Zn的影响,并对Sn-Zn系钎料的发展趋势进行分析与展望。     

微量元素对Sn-0.7Cu无铅钎料抗氧化性能的影响

以Sn-0.7Cu系无铅钎料合金为基础,添加微量的P、Ge、Ga、RE元素,进行了280℃大气环境下氧化试验,通过对含有不同微量元素的无铅钎料表面氧化状况的对比及分析,研究了不同微量元素对Sn-0.7Cu无铅钎料抗氧化性能的影响。发现当P和Ga同时添加时,得到Sn-0.7Cu-(0.001~0.1)P-(0.0001~0.1)Ga无铅钎料的抗氧化性能高于Sn-0.7Cu-(0.001~0.1)P和Sn-0.7Cu-(0.0001~0.1)Ga的抗氧化性能。     

镍磷锗对SnAgCuCe系钎料性能及组织的影响

为改善Sn3.0Ag0.5CuCe(SAC305Ce)无铅钎料的性能,向其添加了微量Ni、P及Ge并进行了研究。结果表明,同时添加质量分数为0.10%Ni、0.01%P和0.05%Ge,150℃时效168h后,钎料综合性能最佳。钎料合金组织中共晶组织的分布较为密集,IMC厚度有轻微增加,润湿力约0.48mN,剪切强度约62MPa。     

Ag和RE对SnAgCuRE无铅钎料拉伸性能的影响

利用正交试验法,对SnAgCuRE系钎料合金的拉伸性能进行了检验。结果表明:SnAgCuRE系钎料合金的拉伸性能与Ag和RE的添加量密切相关,即拉伸强度会随Ag含量增大而提高;延伸率受RE影响最大,并在w(RE)为0.1%时延伸率和拉伸强度都达到最佳。当w(RE)达到0.5%时,会导致延伸率的下降。     

Effects of Rare-Earth Addition on Properties and Microstructure of Lead-Free Solder Balls

In the present work, lead-free solder balls were manufactured by a uniform droplet spray (UDS) method. The solder used to produce solder balls was based on the Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu alloy. Different amounts of cerium-based mixed rare-earth (RE) elements were added into the Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu solder alloy in order to examine the effects of small amounts of RE additions on the physical properties, microstructure, and surface smoothness of the solder balls. Results show that a small amount of RE addition has no obvious effect on the melting temperature, but it decreases the nucleation undercooling degree. Moreover, a small amount of RE addition (<0.25 wt.%) can improve the surface smoothness of the solder balls. However, when the RE was added up to 0.5 wt.%, the surface smoothness of the solder balls was deteriorated. From observations of the microstructure of the solder balls, it is obvious that the RE addition affects solidification behavior, and as a result, the surface smoothness of the solder balls.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of new lead-free Sn-Cu-RE solder alloys

The Sn-0.7%Cu alloy has been considered as a lead-free alternative to lead-tin alloys. In this work, various small amounts of rare earth (RE) elements, which are mainly Ce and La, have been added to the Sn-0.7%Cu alloy to form new solder alloys. It was found that the new alloys exhibit mechanical properties superior to that of the Sn-0.7%Cu alloy. In particular, the addition of up to 0.5% of RE elements is found to refine the effective grain size and provide a fine and uniform distribution of Cu₆Sn₅ in the solidified microstructure. Tensile, creep, and microhardness tests were conducted on the solder alloys. It was found that significant improvements of the tensile strength, microhardness, and creep resistance were obtained with RE element addition. Upon aging at 150°C for 20 h, the microstructure of Sn-Cu-RE is more stable than that of the Sn-Cu alloy.     

Effects of Trace Amounts of Rare Earth Additions on Microstructure and Properties of Sn-Bi-Based Solder Alloy

The effect of trace amounts of rare earth additions on the microstructure and properties were studied for the Sn-58Bi and Sn-58Bi-Ag solder alloys. At the same time, the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in the solder alloys and intermetallic layer (IML) thickness at the solder/Cu substrate interface were investigated, both as-reflowed and after high-temperature aging. The results indicate that adding trace amounts of rare earth (RE) elements has little influence on the melting temperature and microhardness of the solders investigated, but adding RE elements improves the wettability and shear strength of the Sn-58Bi and Sn-58Bi-Ag solder alloys. In addition, it was found that the addition of RE elements not only refines the microstructure and size of the IMC particles, but also decreases the IML thickness and shear strength of the Sn-58Bi solder joint after high-temperature aging. Adding trace amounts of RE elements is superior to adding trace amounts of Ag for improving the properties of the Sn-58Bi solder. The reason may be related to the modification of the microstructure of the solder alloys due to the addition of trace amounts of RE elements.     

Properties of lead-free solder SnAgCu containing minute amounts of rare earth

Because of excellent wetting and mechanical properties, SnAgCu solder alloys have been regarded as the most promising Pb-free substitutes for the SnPb solder. The Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu solder has garnered attention because of its creep resistance. However, under the drives of increasingly finer pitch design and severe service conditions, novel lead-free solders with higher creep performance may be needed. Adding a surface-active element to an alloy is an effective way to improve the high-temperature performance of the solder. The present work focuses on the effect of rare earth (RE) on the physical properties, spreading property, and mechanical properties of SnAgCu solder. Results show that the creep-rupture life of SnAgCu solder joints at room temperature could be notably increased by adding a minute amount of RE, up to 7 times more than that of SnAgCu solder joints when containing 1.0wt.%RE. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves indicated that the melting temperature of SnAgCu solder with RE increased a little, and no lower melting-temperature, eutectic endothermal peak appears on the DSC curve. The electrical conductivity of the solder decreased slightly, but it is still superior to the SnPb eutectic solder. Compared to that of SnPb solder, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of SnAgCu (RE) is closer to copper, which usually serves as the substrate of printed circuit boards (PCBs). It is assumed that this will comparably reduce the thermal stress derived from thermal mismatch between the solder and the PCBs. The RE had no apparent effect on the spreading property, but when RE added up to 1.0 wt.%, the spreading area of the solder on the copper substrate decreased, obviously, because of mass oxide. The RE improved the ultimate tensile strength little, but it increased the elongation up to 30%. However, as the content of the RE increases, the elongation of the solder gradually decreased to the level of SnAgCu when the RE exceeds 0.25 wt.%. Additionally, RE made the elastic modulus of SnAgCu solder increase, so the resistance to elastic deformation of the solder is enhanced. The microstructure of SnAgCuRE led to a refining trend as the RE content increased. The RE compounds appeared in the solder when RE was 0.1 wt.%. This deteriorates the mechanical properties of the solder. The fractography of the tensile specimen containing 0.1 wt.% indicated a superior ductility to Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu bulk solder. However, as RE is increased to 1.0 wt.%, the fractography shows less ductile characteristics, which is believed to serve as the reason that the elongation of solder degrades as RE increases. Summarily, the most suitable content of RE is within 0.05–0.5 wt.% and is inadvisable beyond 1.0 wt.%.     

Properties of Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu Solder Alloy with Trace Rare Earth Element Y Additions

In the current research, trace rare earth (RE) element Y was incorporated into a promising lead-free solder, Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu, in an effort to improve the comprehensive properties of Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu solder. The range of Y content in Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu solder alloys varied from 0 wt.% to 1.0 wt.%. As an illustration of the advantage of Y doping, the melting temperature, wettability, mechanical properties, and microstructures of Sn3.8Ag0.7CuY solder were studied. Trace Y additions had little influence on the melting behavior, but the solder showed better wettability and mechanical properties, as well as finer microstructures, than found in Y-free Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu solder. The Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu0.15Y solder alloy exhibited the best comprehensive properties compared to other solders with different Y content. Furthermore, interfacial and microstructural studies were conducted on Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu0.15Y solder alloys, and notable changes in microstructure were found compared to the Y-free alloy. The thickness of an intermetallic compound layer (IML) was decreased during soldering, and the growth of the IML was suppressed during aging. At the same time, the growth of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) inside the solder was reduced. In particular, some bigger IMC plates were replaced by fine, granular IMCs.     

Study on the microstructure of a novel lead-free solder alloy SnAgCu-RE and its soldered joints

This paper focused on the microstructure of SnAgCu-rare earth (RE) solder alloy and its small single-lap joints, focusing on phases present and the distribution of RE in the SnAgCu solder. Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis was used to observed the RE-rich phase. The RE atoms also tended to aggregate at boundaries of primary dendrites in the joints and form as a weblike structure, which surrounded the dendrites and restrained the dendrites from sliding or moving. It is assumed that this would strengthen the boundaries and increase the resistance to creep deformation of the solder matrix. The creep-rupture life of joints can be remarkably increased, at least seven times more than that of SnAgCu at room temperature. The aggregation mechanism of RE at dendrite boundaries in SnAgCu solder joints was presented. The drive for RE atoms to aggregate at the boundary is the difference of the lattice-aberration energy between the interior and the boundaries of the dendrites, which is caused by a solution of RE atoms.     

稀土元素对无铅钎料微观结构及性能的影响

添加适量的稀土元素可以有效提高无铅钎料(如SnAgCu,SnZn)的性能,尤其是添加稀土的SnAgCu钎料的蠕变断裂寿命是未添加时的7倍.针对添加微量稀土元素对无铅钎料润湿性、力学性能、蠕变性能以及电迁移行为的影响,特别是对钎料微观结构的变化规律进行了综述,并指出了新型钎料的应用及发展前景.