H2S-3 %NaCl-H2O体系中渗铝钢及其中间相的腐蚀行为

为防止H2S腐蚀,采用热镀铝法制取了渗铝钢,探讨了渗铝钢在不同浓度的H2S－3％NaCl-H2O体系中的腐蚀行为,熔炼了FeAl3,Fe2Al5,Fe2Al等铁铝合金;并采用阳极溶解技术获得了渗铝钢扩散层中不同的中间相层,测量了其在500mg/LH2S－3％NaCl-H2O溶液中的自然腐蚀电位、极化曲线和电化学阻抗,结果表明渗铝钢在该体系中腐蚀速率较Q235钢低2－3个数量级。     

激光重熔对热浸渗铝层组织和性能的影响

热浸渗铝层中通常存在大量的孔洞和裂纹,严重影响渗铝钢的耐蚀性.采用JHM-1GY-400型YAG(晶体)激光器对Q235钢的热浸渗铝层进行激光熔凝处理,借助扫描电镜、电子探针、金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计等仪器对激光处理前后渗铝层的显微组织、相组成及性能进行了分析.通过测定在3.5%NaCl水溶液中的极化曲线,讨论了激光熔凝处理对渗铝层耐蚀性的影响.结果表明,采用适当的激光处理工艺,可消除渗铝层中的裂纹及孔洞,渗层变得更加致密,从而使其在3.5%NaCl水溶液中的耐蚀性高于未激光处理的渗层.并且其显微组织发生了高铝ξ相(FeAl2)向低铝β2相(FeAl)的转变,导致渗层显微硬度和脆性降低,渗层综合性能得到改善.     

热处理对不同基体表面镀铝相结构的影响

研究了热处理对不同钢铁基体表面镀铝相结构的影响。分别以Q235低碳钢,1Cr17铁素体不锈钢和201奥氏体不锈钢为基体,在摩尔比2∶1的酸性AlCl3-EMIC(1-甲基-3-乙基咪唑氯化物)室温熔盐中电沉积均匀致密的铝镀层,然后对试样在670℃下进行热处理,并用EDS,SEM和XRD等对热处理后的试样界面进行微观分析。结果表明,试样经热处理后,镀层与基体之间均发生互扩散形成合金层。Q235表面合金层呈舌状形貌向基体生长,而1Cr17和201表面的合金层平直。Q235上内外合金层为FeAl和Fe2Al5,并以Fe2Al5为主;而1Cr17的内外合金层为含Cr的Fe2Al5和FeAl3相;201不锈钢经短时间热处理可保留纯Al层,30min后主要由含Cr,Ni,Mn的Fe2Al5和FeAl3相组成,也形成少量的FeAl2和FeAl相。     

热镀锌和锌铝合金镀层的微观组织及盐雾腐蚀行为

采用间歇式中性盐雾加速试验方法研究了Q235钢热镀锌及55Al-Zn合金镀层的腐蚀行为，利用扫描电镜（SEM）和能谱仪（EDS）分析了镀层的微观组织和腐蚀产物的成分。镀层的微观组织分析结果表明热镀锌层由表及里是η相（纯锌），ζ相（FeZn13),δ1相（FeZn7）和α固溶体组成；热镀锌铝合金镀层由两层组成，外层由富锌和富铝两相固溶体组成，内层由单一的η相（Fe2Al5)组成。盐雾试验和腐蚀产物分析结果表明，热镀锌铝合金层的耐腐蚀性能优于热镀锌层。     

Si含量对热浸镀Zn-15% Al层组织的影响

为了解合金浴中Si含量对低Al含量的热浸镀Zn-Al层组织的影响,将Q235钢浸入不同Si含量的Zn-15%Al合金浴中浸镀不同时间,制备了热浸镀Zn-15%Al层。利用扫描电镜、能谱仪等观察镀层形貌结构、分析镀层成分,研究了Si含量对镀层组织的影响。结果表明:Zn-15%Al合金镀层分为Fe-Al界面反应所形成的金属间化合物层和由富Al枝晶和枝晶富Zn相组成的自由层;少量的Si就能强烈地抑制Fe-Al反应,使化合物层减薄,并使自由层晶粒细化;随Si含量的增加,化合物层由Fe2Al5相和FeAl3相向Fe-Al-Si三元化合物4相转变;化合物层厚度随Si含量的增加总体呈减薄趋势,但略有波动;合金浴中含Si时,化合物层主要受扩散控制,其厚度呈抛物线生长规律。     

铜基底化学气相沉积石墨烯的研究现状与展望

采用粉末包埋法在中国低活性铁素体马氏体钢（RAFM）基底上制备了低活性渗铝层,利用扫描电镜（SEM）和能谱分析（EDS）对渗铝层的形貌和成分进行了分析。结果表明：低活性渗铝层表面铝含量（原子分数）约40％,主要由厚度为15-20μm的FeAl、Fe3-Al及α-Fe（Al）相组成,该渗铝层表面易发生烧结。为避免表面烧结...     

氩弧熔覆Fe-Al金属间化合物复合涂层的组织与性能

为改善Fe-Al金属间化合物的力学性能及抗高温氧化性能,利用氩弧熔覆方法在Q235钢上制备了Fe-Al熔覆层和Fe-Al/Al_2O_3熔覆层。采用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、硬度计、磨粒磨损试验机对氩弧熔覆涂层进行显微组织结构观察和磨损性能测试。采用高温氧化试验对涂层的耐高温氧化性进行了研究。结果表明:Fe-Al熔覆层形成FeAl和Fe_3Al相,而Fe-Al/Al_2O_3熔覆涂层含有FeAl、Fe_3Al和Al_2O_3相;熔覆层的耐磨粒磨损性能优于基体且Fe-Al/Al_2O_3熔覆层优于Fe-Al熔覆层;熔覆层的耐高温氧化性能明显提高,在700℃下,Fe-Al熔覆层和Fe-Al/Al_2O_3熔覆层相比于基体分别提高了4.46和5.68倍。     

添加稀土铈对热浸镀铝45钢的组织及其性能的影响

采用SEM和XRD研究了添加不同含量铈对45钢基热浸镀铝镀层及其退火后的组织和结构影响,并用氧化增重法考察了镀层的耐热性,用M-2000型摩擦磨损试验机测试了镀层退火后的耐磨性能。结果表明,镀液中稀土铈质量分数为0.1%~0.25%时,镀层晶粒细化、厚度降低,退火合金层厚度增加。稀土铈能抑制合金层的Fe2Al5相生长,使镀层合金层以FeAl3、少量Fe2Al5相为主,使退火合金层以FeAl、Fe3Al相为主。稀土铈含量为0.25%时,镀层的抗高温氧化性和镀层退火后在油润滑下的耐磨性最佳。     

Fe2Al5相的一种电子衍射斑点分析

利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了热浸渗铝钢中Fe2Al5相.结果表明,Fe2Al5相的一种电子衍射花样特征与正六边形非常接近.但通过分析,其电子衍射花样并非严格的正六边形.其应属正交晶系.     

Al-Fe液/固复合界面扩散溶解层研究

采用镶嵌式扩散偶技术制备了Al-Fe扩散偶,在Al熔点以上Fe熔点以下进行扩散热处理,研究了Al-Fe液/固界面扩散溶解层的组织结构演变、形成机理及生长规律。实验结果表明,Al-Fe扩散偶扩散热处理后的组织结构为Al+FeAl3/FeAl3/Fe2Al5/Fe;Fe2Al5层是保温过程中第一个出现的也是唯一出现的连续单相层,FeAl3层则是在冷却过程中形成;Al基中存在针状的和条状的FeAl3析出相,从界面附近到远离界面,析出相的密集程度和尺寸都逐渐小;在相同的保温时间下,热处理温度与扩散溶解层厚度之间存在指数关系;在相同的热处理温度下,保温时间与扩散溶解层厚度偏离抛物线关系。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。