两性离子双子表面活性剂的合成与性能

以十二烷基二甲基叔胺、1,3-二氯-2-丙醇和氯磺酸为原料合成了一种连接基团上接有硫酸酯基的两性离子双子表面活性剂(GS-S).产物结构经红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱进行确证,并对其表面张力、润湿性、油水界面张力、耐盐性、泡沫性和乳化性等性质进行了测试.结果表明,与结构相似的阳离子双子表面活性剂(GS-O)相比,合成的GS-S具有较高的表面活性、良好的乳化能力和泡沫性能,临界胶束浓度(CMC)仅为2.3×10-4 mol/L,临界表面张力(γCMC)为28.43 mN/m;当GS-S浓度为1×10-4 mol/L时,可将油水界面张力降至低界面张力(1.11×10-2 mN/m);可改变水在石蜡膜上的润湿状态,当GS-S浓度为1×10-3 mol/L时,接触角从110°左右(去离子水在石蜡膜上的接触角)降至约64°;另外,其还具有良好的耐盐性(NaCl质量浓度<35 g/L时不析出).     

一种星型苯磺酸盐表面活性剂的合成及性能评价

以三乙醇胺为原料,通过氯化反应、烷基化反应和磺化反应合成了一种具有3条疏水碳链和3个磺酸盐亲水基团的星型表面活性剂。对其进行了临界胶束浓度(CMC)考察,结果表明:在25℃下,该表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度为4.93×10~(-5)mol/L,此时的表面张力为32.5 m N/m。同时,考察了星型表面活性剂和NaOH质量浓度对原油/水界面张力的影响。结果表明:当表面活性剂质量浓度为0.1 g/L、NaOH质量浓度为0.5 g/L、温度为50℃时,原油/水体系的界面张力由4.0×10~(-2)m N/m降至1.1×10~(-4)m N/m。自乳化实验表明:该表面活性剂质量浓度在0.1 g/L时就能将原油乳化成粒径为5~20μm的O/W乳状液。     

一种氟碳Gemini表面活性剂的合成与性能

以全氟辛基磺酰氟、N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺、环氧氯丙烷、氧氯化磷等为原料,合成出了以亲水性的磷酸二氯丙烷单酯为连接基团的亲水柔性间隔基双子型氟碳表面活性剂.通过红外光谱对合成的中间体和表面活性剂进行了结构表征.测试了该表面活性剂的水溶液最低表面张力为23.2 mN/m、临界胶束浓度为1.55 × 10-3mol/L、等电点pH为3.0～11.0,C20为2.82×10-7mol/L,考察了其发泡性等.并将合成的氟表面活性剂的表面性能与常用表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠进行比较,证实了该氟碳表面活性剂具有优越的表面活性.     

全氟辛基两性磷酸酯表面活性剂的合成与性能

以全氟辛基磺酰氟、N,N-二甲基-1,3-丙二胺、环氧氯丙烷、磷酸二氢钠等为原料,合成出了磷酸酯为亲水基团的氟碳两性表面活性剂。通过红外光谱对合成的中间体和表面活性剂进行了结构表征。测试了该表面活性剂的水溶液最低表面张力为24.0 mN/m、临界胶束浓度为1.99×10-3mol/L、等电点为pH3.5~7.5、c20为1.58×10-6mol/L。并将合成的氟碳两性磷酸酯表面活性剂的表面性能与常用表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠进行比较,证实了该氟碳表面活性剂具有优越的表面活性。     

可裂解Gemini型季铵盐表面活性剂的合成与性能

合成了一系列可裂解Gem in i型季铵盐表面活性剂:烷基-α,ω-双(二甲基酰氧乙基溴化铵),标记为Ⅱ-m-n(m=12,14;n=3,4,6);采用红外光谱和核磁共振进行结构表征。测定了相关的性能,结果表明,可裂解Gem in i型季铵盐表面活性剂具有很强的胶束生成能力,其临界胶束浓度(CMC)为2.63×10-4~4.17×10-4mol/L(m=12)及2.88×10-5~4.46×10-5mol/L(m=14),分别比相应的单季铵盐表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)低两个数量级;其泡沫稳定性、乳化性能和杀菌性明显优于相应的单季铵盐表面活性剂。     

12-3-12型Gemini阳离子表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以十二叔胺与环氧氯丙烷为主要原料,在实验室合成12-3-12型Gemini阳离子表面活性剂,终产物用傅立叶红外变换仪和元素分析仪进行定性分析,并对表面活性剂的性能进行了详细讨论.实验合成的12-3-12型Gemini阳离子表面活性剂cmc为7.28×10-4 mol/L,表面张力γ cmc=39.53 mN/m;乳化力、增溶作用、发泡性及稳泡性均较十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(S 1831)、十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(S 1631)好,但发泡性及稳泡性不及十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS).     

N-烷基苯并三氮唑阳离子表面活性剂的合成及性能

以苯并三氮唑、不同链长的卤代烷烃、硫酸二甲酯为原料合成了几种N-烷基苯并三氮唑阳离子表面活性剂,通过IR1、HNMR对中间产物进行结构表征,并对最终产物进行定性分析。测定了所得产物的表面活性和发泡性能,结果表明,合成的N-丁基、辛基、十二烷基、十六烷基苯并三氮唑阳离子表面活性剂最低表面张力分别为:51.0 mN/m、36.5 mN/m、33.4 mN/m、35.4 mN/m;临界胶束浓度分别为:9.0×10-2mol/L、4.8×10-2mol/L、3.0×10-3mol/L、9.7×10-3mol/L。N-丁基、辛基、十二烷基苯并三氮唑阳离子表面活性剂最低表面张力随烷基链增长而降低,但N-十六烷基苯并三氮唑阳离子表面活性剂的最低表面张力却高于N-十二烷基苯并三氮唑阳离子表面活性剂的最低表面张力。合成的表面活性剂中,N-十二烷基苯并三氮唑阳离子表面活性剂的发泡性能最佳,而所有的泡沫稳定性均较差。     

基于地沟油的Gemini型阳离子表面活性剂及对纸张的柔软效果

将废弃地沟油进行酸解获得混合脂肪酸。以混合脂肪酸、二甲基乙醇胺、环氧氯丙烷等为基本原料制备了一种新型的基于地沟油的Gemini阳离子表面活性剂。使用傅里叶变换红外光谱对制备化合物的特征基团进行表征。利用表面张力法测定制备表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度为5.07×10~(-3)mol/L,利用电导率法测定临界胶束浓度为5.02×10~(-3)mol/L,此时对应的表面张力y_(cmc)为35.26 mN/m。最后,使用手感式柔软度测试仪测试制备表面活性剂对纸张的柔软效果,结果表明当表面活性剂浓度达到9.1×10-4 mol/L时,即可以取得较好的柔软效果。     

2,3-双八氟戊烷氧基-1-硫酸丙酯钠的合成及表面性能

以八氟戊醇和2,3-二溴丙醇为原料,设计并合成了甘油醚类氟碳表面活性剂(2,3-双八氟戊烷氧基-1-硫酸丙酯钠,BOFPGS),通过FTIR、1HNMR、19FNMR以及MS等对中间产物(2,3-双八氟戊烷基-1-丙醇)和最终产物(BOFPGS)进行了结构表征。对BOFPGS进行了表面张力测试,结果表明,BOFPGS的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为4.16×10~(–3) mol/L,CMC对应的表面张力为22.70mN/m。将不同浓度的BOFPGS水溶液和相同体积的液体石蜡乳化后,析水率随着时间延长而增大,乳液在乳化30 min时趋于稳定。BOFPGS浓度低至0.8×10~(–3) mol/L时,其仍具有较好的乳化性能。利用噻唑蓝(MTT)法对该表面活性剂的细胞毒性进行测试,结果表明,BOFPGS在8.04×10~(–6)～1.60×10~(–4) mol/L浓度范围内无明显细胞毒性。     

新型三联表面活性剂的合成与性能研究

采用丙三醇缩水甘油醚、十二胺和氯乙酸钠为原料合成了一种新型丙三醇型三联阴离子表面活性剂,该分子结构中含有易降解的羧基和亲水基团羟基,且所用原料均无毒无害。通过红外光谱和质谱对合成的表面活性剂进行了结构表征。测试了25℃和60℃时该表面活性剂的水溶液最低表面张力,分别为34·0458mN/m和29·1556mN/m;其临界胶束浓度为8·203×10-6mol/L、活性物质量分数为89·5%。同时实验结果也显示出此三联阴离子表面活性剂有很好的发泡、稳泡性和钙皂分散力。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.