"三丝"对卷烟烟气特性及感官质量的影响

为在卷烟配方中更加合理有效地使用膨胀烟丝、膨胀梗丝、辊压法和造纸法再造烟叶,测试分析了不同的"三丝"掺配量对卷烟烟气特性的影响,并对其感官质量进行了对比评吸.结果表明,膨胀梗丝和造纸法再造烟叶对卷烟烟气特性的影响显著;膨胀烟丝对烟气焦油量、烟碱量和抽吸口数均有影响,但影响程度的大小不同;辊压法再造烟叶对烟气烟碱量有较明显的影响,而对烟气焦油量和抽吸口数无明显影响;膨胀梗丝和辊压法再造烟叶对卷烟感官质量有显著影响.     

卷烟纸自然透气度对卷烟物理性能及烟气量的影响

为探讨卷烟纸自然透气度对卷烟物理性能及烟气量的影响情况 ,采用国标方法检测了卷烟纸自然透气度分别为 4 0、5 0、6 0、70、80CU时烟支的质量 (g)、圆周、卷烟稀释率、烟支段稀释率、开式吸阻、闭式吸阻、烟气总粒相物、焦油量、烟碱量、一氧化碳量、烟支抽吸口数、静燃速率等 12个理化指标 ,并得到卷烟纸自然透气度与各指标的相关方程。结果表明 ,卷烟纸自然透气度对卷烟的一些物理指标如烟支质量 (g)、圆周、开式吸阻和闭式吸阻影响不大 ,但对卷烟稀释率和烟支段稀释率有影响 ,分别与两者成线性关系 ;卷烟的抽吸口数随卷烟纸自然透气度的增加而减少 ,但当卷烟纸自然透气度超过70CU时 ,卷烟的抽吸口数减少已不明显 ;卷烟的静燃速率随卷烟纸自然透气度的增加而呈上升趋势 ,但增加幅度随卷烟纸自然透气度的增加而减少 ;卷烟烟气中总粒相物、焦油量、烟碱量、一氧化碳量随着卷烟纸自然透气度的增加逐渐减少 ,但当卷烟纸自然透气度超过 70CU时 ,烟气中总粒相物、焦油量的减少已不明显 ,烟气中的烟碱量和一氧化碳量随卷烟纸自然透气度增加基本上呈线性降低。     

贵州大气压力对卷烟烟气分析结果的影响

为了修正贵州省高海拔地区烟气结果与低海拔结果之间的系统差异,选择了不同焦油量、烟气烟碱量和一氧化碳(CO)量的7种卷烟样品,在6个不同海拔的实验室,按标准方法进行了卷烟主流烟气分析。结果表明:①焦油和CO的测定结果均随着海拔的升高而呈现不同程度的降低;②焦油量低于8 mg/支及CO量低于11 mg/支的卷烟样品变化趋势明显,反之则稍缓;③以焦油和CO量分别为8和11 mg/支为界限,分别建立了90 kPa左右大气压下焦油和CO测定结果相对于100 kPa大气压地区分析结果的修正方程,并对修正方程进行了验证,修正结果较理想。     

影响卷烟中一氧化碳量的几种因素

为探索影响卷烟主流烟气中一氧化碳量的因素,分别对不同卷烟样品进行了对比试验和分析。结果表明,烟气中一氧化碳受焦油量、总粒相物中的水分、卷烟纸透气度、烟丝中加入添加剂和掺兑薄片的多少等多种因素的影响。其主要因素是卷烟在抽吸时的燃烧条件,一旦燃烧彻底,燃烧速度又快,抽吸口数相应地减少,可以有效降低烟气中的一氧化碳量。     

基于Fisher线性判别分析方法的卷烟主流烟气质量预测模型构建

为建立卷烟主流烟气质量判别方法,采用Fisher线性判别分析理论对30种中国市售成品卷烟的16个参数作为判别因子,提出了一氧化碳、焦油量和烟气烟碱量3个判别函数,建立了Fisher判别模型。经验证,该模型回代误判率0,检验计算预测精度100%。     

叶组配方卷烟烟气预测模型的建立

利用多元回归分析方法建立了叶组配方焦油量、烟气烟碱量、一氧化碳量和抽吸口数的预测模型,并筛选出了与这4项指标关系密切的化学成分,包括总糖、还原糖、总氮、烟碱、挥发碱、钾、氯、硫酸根等。利用所建模型对4种卷烟产品叶组配方的烟气指标进行了预测,结果表明,其焦油量、烟气烟碱量、一氧化碳量和抽吸口数的预测误差范围分别为0.04～1.13mg/支、0.13～0.50mg/支、0.11～2.95mg/支和0.37～1.15口/支。     

CO_2叶丝膨胀线工艺参数对烟气成分的影响

从降低卷烟焦油、烟碱量的角度出发,分析不同工艺条件下膨胀叶丝常规化学成分及烟气成分。发现试验条件下,在饱和蒸汽加入量一定,工艺气体温度较高时,膨胀叶丝烟气成分中焦油、烟碱量和CO量较低;工艺气体温度相同的条件下,焦油量、烟碱量和CO量在蒸汽加入量600kg/h时最低。     

柠檬酸钾钠混合盐助燃剂对卷烟主流烟气的影响

为改进卷烟纸助燃剂的应用效果,采用柠檬酸钾和柠檬酸钠混合盐作为助燃剂,研究了混合盐的添加量和配比对卷烟主流烟气指标的影响。结果表明:①在助燃剂添加量0.5%～2.0%范围内,随着添加量的增加,抽吸口数、烟气中焦油量、CO量和烟碱量、CO/焦油均显著下降;单口烟气中焦油量和烟碱量增加,CO量降低;②柠檬酸钾助燃效果优于柠檬酸钠。通过调整二者在混合盐中的比例,可以在适当降低烟气焦油量的条件下,显著降低烟气中的CO量。     

接装纸透气度对卷烟燃烧温度和烟气指标的影响

为分析不同透气度的卷烟接装纸对卷烟烟气成分和卷烟燃烧温度的影响,对不同透气度接装纸的卷烟进行烟气分析,并采用红外热像仪测定了不同透气度接装纸卷烟的燃烧温度。结果表明,随着接装纸透气度的增大,卷烟主流烟气中的焦油量、CO释放量、烟气烟碱量均显著线性下降,而抽吸口数增加;与采用透气度为0的接装纸相比,采用透气度为500 CU的接装纸后,其卷烟的主流烟气中焦油量降低50.6%,CO释放量降低64.6%,烟气烟碱量降低42.9%,抽吸口数增加22.5%;接装纸透气度对卷烟抽吸燃烧温度影响显著,随着接装纸透气度的增大,卷烟第三口抽吸温度和峰值平均值均明显下降;接装纸透气度从100 CU增加到500 CU,卷烟第三口抽吸温度下降了115℃,峰值平均值下降了87℃,而阴燃平均温度未发生明显变化,此外,阴燃平均温度明显低于第三口抽吸温度和峰值平均值。     

不同卷烟机型卷烟烟气指标预测

为了对不同卷烟机型卷烟烟气指标进行预测,在同一试验条件下分别选取了3种机型对卷烟烟气指标进行预测,机型包括:全自动小型卷烟机、全自动中型卷烟机以及全自动大型卷烟机。检验结果表明:不同机型卷烟机的3项指标中全自动小型卷烟机与全自动大型卷烟机间的差异最大;其次,全自动小型卷烟机与全自动中型卷烟机烟气的烟碱量和焦油量有明显不同;最后,全自动中型卷烟机与全自动大型卷烟机间的差异最小,仅在烟气烟碱量方面有所不同。通过对不同卷烟机型卷烟烟气指标的预测进行分析评价和深入探讨,以期成为不同卷烟机型卷烟烟气指标预测研究的动力。     

烤烟主流烟气一氧化碳的影响因素分析

为探讨烤烟主流烟气中CO释放行为的主要影响因素,对63个烤烟样品的14种化学组分及2个物理参数与烤烟主流烟气中CO释放量、CO/Tar及CO每口释放量之间的关系进行了相关分析及因子分析。结果表明,烟支包卷密度、阴燃速率、粗纤维、烟碱、氯、总灰分以及钾、钙、铜、铁等金属元素与烟气CO呈极显著相关;以主成分法从16个指标中提取了6个因子,其中粗纤维-燃烧因子及氯因子与烟气CO呈极显著相关。因此,影响烤烟CO释放行为的主要是阴燃速率、粗纤维及钾、氯元素。     

抽吸间隔时间对卷烟焦油释放量的影响

进行了抽吸间隔时间的长短对卷烟抽吸口数、烟气焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的影响实验。抽吸间隔时间分别设置为 30、4 0、5 0、6 0、70、80、90和 10 0s ,测定了 2种牌号的卷烟。结果表明 :①抽吸间隔时间越短 ,每支卷烟的抽吸口数、焦油、烟碱和CO量越大 ,这与国外的研究结果比较一致 ;②无论抽吸间隔时间长短 ,每口烟气的焦油、烟碱和CO等化学物质的量基本上保持不变     

不同相伴阴离子钾肥对烤烟光合特性、钾含量及化学成分的影响

研究了4种相伴离子不同的钾肥对烤烟生长、光合特性和钾含量的影响,不同形态钾素营养相比较,植株高度,叶片叶绿素含量(Chl)、气孔导度(Gs)、光合速率(Pn)、均以柠檬酸钾(L-K)处理最高,硝酸钾(N-K)处理次之,草酸钾(C-K)处理较低。L-K使叶片胞间CO₂浓度(C₁)降低,表明CO₂在叶肉细胞液相中的传导能力可能对不同钾肥形态下的光合作用有重要影响,不同钾肥品种的烟叶中钾含量,特别是有机钾含量从高到低的顺序为L-K > N-K > C-K > S-K。经L-K处理的烟叶化学成分比较协调。      

烟叶最佳化学组成与烟气成分预测模型的建立

为选择最佳的烟叶化学组成与烟气成分的预测模型,运用不同的回归分析统计方法,对烟叶化学组成和烟气成分进行了回归分析。结果表明:全模型、双重筛选逐步回归以及仅含相关变量的逐步回归,方程均通过检验,但是不同方法得到的模型预测精度不同,且预测变量回归系数未全部通过检验;剔除不显著变量后,重新拟合回归预测模型,得到的焦油、烟气烟碱、烟气一氧化碳的回归模型,焦油回归方程为Y焦油=11.7+1.857X烟碱,烟气烟碱回归方程为Y烟气烟碱=0.679X烟碱,烟气一氧化碳回归模型为YCO=1.428 6X烟碱+0.121 7X还原糖+2.822 5X总氯+8.488 9,且回归方程检验均达到显著水平(P<0.01),方程回归系数均通过显著性检验(P<0.01)。这些结果为提高烟叶安全性和设计低焦油卷烟配方提供了科学依据。     

Effect of nicotine on 35% CO2-induced anxiety: A study in healthy volunteers.

Panic disorder and cigarette smoking co-occur at a rate that exceeds what would be expected by chance. Theoretically, cigarette smoking may (a) attenuate panicky symptoms via cognitive factors or pharmacological action, (b) contribute to the development of panic disorder, or (c) share an etiological vulnerability with panic. The present study was aimed at testing whether nicotine has a direct influence on laboratory-elicited panic. In a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, cross-over study, 33 healthy nonsmokers underwent a 35% CO2 challenge after transdermal administration of a nicotine patch on one test day and a placebo patch on another test day. Physiological measures (blood pressure, heart rate) and rating scale scores (Panic Symptom List [PSL], Visual Analog Scale of Anxiety, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) were assessed. Compared with the placebo condition, nicotine increased diastolic blood pressure (p < .1), heart rate (p < .001), and PSL scores (p < .005) prior to the CO2 challenge but did not affect responding to the CO2 challenge itself. Results are consistent with the notion that nicotine promotes autonomic activation. However, the present study did not provide direct evidence that nicotine elicits panic in healthy volunteers. Replication in a clinical sample is warranted.     

Development of a method to assess cigarette smoke intake

Tar and nicotine deliveries of cigarettes measured using current standardized smoking machine protocols provide poor estimates of smoke exposure. The characteristics of human smoking behavior vary considerably and differ from the rigid parameters used with current standardized smoking machine protocols. Current alternatives, including measurement of biomarkers, are invasive, time-dependent, and can be too expensive to be used as mechanisms for carrying out large-scale investigations required to help determine the influence of cigarette design on smoking behaviors. To obtain more reasonable estimates of mainstream smoke exposure, we developed a method to quantitatively measure solanesol, a naturally occurring component in tobacco that is deposited during smoking in the cigarette filter butt. Quantification of solanesol extracted from the filters using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry is efficient, rapid, and extremely reliable. We found that the amount of solanesol deposited in a cigarette filter is related to the mainstream smoke deliveries of tar and nicotine under a variety of smoking conditions. In addition, the amount of solanesol trapped in the filter remains stable at least 4 weeks after smoking. Measuring solanesol in cigarette filters as an exposure marker provides a noninvasive means to obtain reasonable estimates of mainstream tar and nicotine smoke deliveries under a wide variety of smoking conditions.     

Effects of low nicotine content cigarettes on smoke intake.

Cigarettes with selective reductions in nicotine delivery have been considered as potential tools to prevent or treat nicotine dependence or to reduce harm by virtue of reduced nicotine and nitrosamine delivery. An important question is whether individuals smoke these products more intensively, as has been shown to occur with ventilated-filter cigarettes. To investigate this issue, we compared conventional highly ventilated filter cigarettes, having very low tar and nicotine yields when smoked by Federal Trade Commission method (1 mg tar, 2 mg carbon monoxide [CO],.2 mg nicotine), with low nicotine content cigarettes, manufactured from a genetically modified strain of tobacco, which had higher tar but lower nicotine yield (14 mg tar, 13 mg CO,.02 mg nicotine). A total of 16 cigarette smokers participated in two 8-hr sessions (order counterbalanced) during which they smoked each type of cigarette ad libitum. Expired-air CO, plasma nicotine, and smoking topography measures were collected. Subjects showed significant increases in smoking when using the highly ventilated filter cigarettes, and puff volume was significantly greater than with the low nicotine content cigarettes. Subjects achieved an expired-air CO level 74% as high as with the low nicotine content cigarettes; the latter produced CO levels similar to those measured at baseline when subjects smoked their habitual brands of cigarettes. Plasma nicotine levels obtained when subjects smoked the highly ventilated filter cigarettes also were significantly higher than when they smoked the low nicotine content cigarettes. These results indicate that the delivery of substantial amounts of smoke, with selective reductions in nicotine yield, appears to prevent compensatory smoking behavior. Further studies should determine whether similar results are obtained in naturalistic environments.     

碳酸钾对卷烟主流烟气焦油、烟碱、游离烟碱、pH值及劲头的影响

为分析添加碳酸钾影响卷烟劲头的原因,进行了碳酸钾对卷烟总粒相物游离烟碱和主流烟气pH值的影响研究。结果表明,在卷烟中添加碳酸钾可使其主流烟气中的pH值增加,主流烟气中游离烟碱的转化率提高,导致卷烟劲头增加。     

Filter ventilation and nicotine content of tobacco in cigarettes from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States

OBJECTIVES: The purpose was to determine filter ventilation and the nicotine content of tobacco and their contribution to machine-smoked yields of cigarettes from the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. METHODS: Ninety-two brands of cigarettes (32 American, 23 Canadian, and 37 British brands) were purchased at retail outlets in State College, Pennsylvania, United States, Toronto, Canada, and London, United Kingdom. A FIDUS FDT filter ventilation tester measured the percentage air-dilution from filter vents. High-pressure, liquid chromatography was used to measure the nicotine content of tobacco. Regression techniques were used to examine the contributions of tobacco nicotine content and filter ventilation to machine-smoked yields of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (CO). RESULTS: Ninety-four per cent of the American brands, 91% of the Canadian brands, and 79% of British brands were ventilated. The total nicotine content of tobacco and percent nicotine (by weight of tobacco) averaged 10.2 mg (standard error of the mean (SEM) 0.25, range: 7.2 to 13.4) and 1.5% (SEM 0.03, range 1.2 to 2) in the United States, 13.5 mg (SEM 0.49, range: 8.0 to 18.3) and 1.8% (SEM 0.06, range: 1.0 to 2.4) in Canada, 12.5 mg (SEM 0.33, range: 9 to 17.5) and 1.7% (SEM 0.04, range: 1.3 to 2.4) in the United Kingdom. Multiple regression analyses showed that ventilation was by far the largest factor influencing machine-smoked yields of tar, nicotine, and CO. CONCLUSION: Filter ventilation appears to be the predominant method for reducing machine-smoked yields of tar, nicotine, and CO in three countries. However, some brands contain about twice as much nicotine (total content or percent nicotine) as do others, indicating that tobacco types or blends and tobacco castings can be used to manipulate nicotine content and nicotine delivery of cigarettes.