A mathematical model of variable displacement swash plate compressor for automotive air conditioning system

A mathematical model of control mechanism used in the variable displacement swash plate compressor (VDSC) is developed firstly based on the force balance equation, mass and energy conservation equation. The model of moving components dynamics is developed then by analyzing the forces and force moments acting on the pistons and the swash plate. The compression process model is obtained by fitting the data from our experiments. And finally, the steady-state mathematical model of VDSC is developed by combining the three sub-models above. In order to verify the mathematical model, a test bench for control mechanism and the test system for VDSC have been established, and the simulated results agree well with the experimental data. The simulation results show that, like the variable displacement wobble plate compressor, there are four operation modes for the VDSC, i.e. constant rotary speed and constant piston stroke length (PSL), variable rotary speed and constant PSL, constant rotary speed and variable PSL, variable rotary speed and variable PSL, which have included almost all operation modes of the refrigeration compressor in common use. And there is a hysteresis zone and multiple-valued relationship between the compressor parameters when PSL changes.     

滚动转子式补气压缩机在热泵系统中的实验研究

介绍了滚动转子式补气压缩机的设计,并将其在热泵系统中进行了实验研究。分析了不同制热工况下滚动转子式补气压缩机的性能,对比了带闪发器与过冷器的经济器热泵系统、滚动转子式与涡旋式补气压缩机的性能。结果表明:随着室外环境温度的下降,滚动转子式补气压缩机补气后制热量提升比例逐步增大;滚动转子式补气压缩机制热实验中,带闪发器系统的制热量较高;在超低温制热工况下滚动转子式补气压缩机制热量提升18%左右,与涡旋式补气压缩机相比制热量相当,性能略高。     

A rotary ultrasonic motor using bending vibration transducers

A rotary ultrasonic motor using bending vibration transducers is proposed. In each transducer, two orthogonal bending vibrations are superimposed and an elliptical trajectory is generated at the driving foot. Typical output of the prototype is a no-load speed of 58 rpm and maximum torque of 9·5 Nm under an exciting voltage of 200 V(rms).     

单相异步电动机旋转振动频谱特征分析

对单相异步电动机额定状态下的旋转振动进行了实际测试, 发现电机运行时存在明显的旋转振动,且振动频率是基波频率的两倍。对旋转振动产生的机理进行了剖析,发现椭圆旋转磁场的幅值和转速变化是产生旋转振动的主要原因,并对椭圆磁场的幅值和转速情况进行了仿真。对单相异步电动机在调压调速工况下的旋转振动进行了实际测试,对实验结果进行了频谱特征分析,找出了旋转振动主要分量的幅值与通电电压之间的关系,最后对实验结果产生的原因进行了剖析。     

Novel Remote Measurement Technique Using Resistive Sensor as Grounded Load in an Opamp Based V-to-I Converter

This letter presents a simple and low-cost remote measurement technique, which consists of two almost identical diodes along with a resistive sensor as grounded load in an operational amplifier based conventional voltage to current converter. For a square wave input to the circuit, the mean value of the circuit output waveform that is measured with a digital storage oscilloscope is linearly proportional with the sensing resistance. This straightforward technique is not only independent of lead resistances but also compensates the effect of ambient temperature variation. The experimental results corroborate the theoretical assumptions.      

弯模间隙对5A06管弯曲横截面畸变及壁厚变化的影响

通过对5A06管材的弯曲实验和不同弯模间隙下的有限元模拟发现:弯管横截面长、短轴变化率和外侧壁厚减薄均随弯曲模间隙的增大而增大,弯管内侧壁厚增厚随弯曲模间隙的增大而减小。采用弯模实际装配间隙进行建模,可获取与实际弯曲更为接近的仿真效果并提高计算精度。     

调速型鼠笼式异步磁力联轴器的轴向力研究

调速型鼠笼式异步磁力联轴器即永磁调速器,它的力学参数、磁场分布对其传递能力及整个系统的稳定性与可靠性具有很大的影响,因此有必要对其工作时的轴向力进行深入研究.基于等效面电流法,推导出联轴器在低转差率下的螺旋进给/退出轴向力计算表达式;同时采用电磁场分析软件Magnet对其进行模拟分析,得到了不同啮合长度、不同转差率下的螺旋进给/退出轴向力值,并进行了对比分析.调速型鼠笼式异步磁力联轴器轴向力由完全啮合状态至脱离状态呈现先增大后减小的趋势;在相同输入转速情况下,转差率越大,轴向力越小,在脱离状态时趋于稳定值.这对于调速型鼠笼式异步磁力联轴器以及其它类型磁力联轴器的理论研究、参数设计与优化及其应用都有着一定的理论意义及实际应用价值.     

高温超导电缆终端恒温器热负荷的计算与测定

电力电缆已被确认为高温超导技术产业化的重要项目之一。高温超导电缆终端是运行在低温的超导电缆芯向常温的高压母线过渡和致冷剂进出口的汇集组件,具有很高的技术含量。简单地介绍高温超导电缆终端恒温器的结构和功能,主要讨论终端恒温器热负荷的理论计算方法,并与试验测定进行比较。     

离心泵流噪声实验研究

搭建了离心泵流噪声测试系统,并对离心泵的流噪声进行实验研究。利用水听器测量了原型叶轮和四种改型叶轮在不同转速下的流噪声,发现水 泵流噪声随着转速的增加而增加,随轮舌间隙的减小而增加。实验结果还表明,水泵下游的流噪声声压级要高于上游。观察水泵两端声压级差随转速以 及叶轮半径的变化关系,并探讨其产生的原因。     

转子压缩机与涡旋压缩机的对比与发展

空气源热泵压缩机的性能是适合不同气候条件的热泵的关键。本文回顾了转子与涡旋压缩机的发展历程,早期房间空调器用压缩机为活塞式,后期出现了转子压缩机和涡旋压缩机,压缩机效率得以提升。转子式压缩机和涡旋式压缩机均向适应低环境温度工况的方向发展。介绍了影响这两种压缩机发展的关键技术,改进电机与压缩机的结构来提升压缩机效率,通过变压比、喷气增焓、部分负荷下调节等技术,提升了压缩机系统性能系数COP与综合部分负荷性能系数IPLV(H)。采用直流电机替代交流电机,可提高两种压缩机的电机效率和频率调节范围。通过对涡旋压缩机进行不对称涡旋盘设计,可减小噪音与泄漏量;对转子压缩机的双转子进行对称布置,增大了压缩机的容量。带排气阀的涡旋压缩机可在一定程度上实现变压缩比,而转子式压缩机有排气阀,在变工况方面具有明显的优势。两种压缩机均可采用喷气增焓技术,实现热泵低环境温度较大的压缩比。     

Inductor‐Free Wireless Energy Delivery via Maxwell's Displacement Current from an Electrodeless Triboelectric Nanogenerator

Wireless power delivery has been a dream technology for applications in medical science, security, radio frequency identification (RFID), and the internet of things, and is usually based on induction coils and/or antenna. Here, a new approach is demonstrated for wireless power delivery by using the Maxwell's displacement current generated by an electrodeless triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) that directly harvests ambient mechanical energy. A rotary electrodeless TENG is fabricated using the contact and sliding mode with a segmented structure. Due to the leakage of electric field between the segments during relative rotation, the generated Maxwell's displacement current in free space is collected by metal collectors. At a gap distance of 3 cm, the output wireless current density and voltage can reach 7 µA cm⁻² and 65 V, respectively. A larger rotary electrodeless TENG and flexible wearable electrodeless TENG are demonstrated to power light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) through wireless energy delivery. This innovative discovery opens a new avenue for noncontact, wireless energy transmission for applications in portable and wearable electronics.     

双迭片弯曲换能器接收特性的分析与计算

本文理论上导出边缘固定金属压电陶瓷双迭片圆板弯曲振动换能器在忽略辐射阻尼和损耗及满足薄板小挠度和轴对称条件下位移的一般解,并进一步得到了共振频率,自由场电压灵敏度的计算公式,和实验样品的测试结果进行了比较,所得结果对金属压电陶瓷双迭片圆板弯曲振动换能器的设计具有参考价值。     

A lumped-parameter thermal model for scroll compressors including the solution for the temperature distribution along the scroll wraps

A lumped-parameter thermal model is presented to predict the temperature in different chambers and components inside scroll compressors with particular attention to gas superheating in the suction process. Thermal resistances between the components are based on global heat transfer conductances, whereas conduction heat transfer through the scroll wraps is solved via a one-dimensional finite volume method. The thermal model was coupled to a thermodynamic model of the compression cycle and then applied to simulate the compressor performance under different conditions of speed and pressure ratio. The model was able to correctly predict the compressor temperature for operating conditions within the range of those adopted for its calibration. The results showed a strong coupling between the compressor thermal profile and the temperatures of the motor and lubricating oil. It has also been found that heat conduction through the scroll wraps reduces slightly the discharge temperature.     

无油涡旋压缩机涡旋齿齿顶密封结构的研究

本文对无油涡旋压缩机涡旋齿齿顶密封结构进行优化,提出一种新型径向组合密封结构,利用几何和工程流体力学的方法,推导出基圆渐开线无油涡旋压缩机齿顶光滑间隙密封、齿顶迷宫密封、齿顶组合密封泄漏量的算法,建立了无油涡旋压缩机相邻压缩腔实验台,分别测量了3种密封结构在相同压差条件下的气体泄漏量,并研究了无油涡旋压缩机动涡旋盘转速对泄漏量的影响。对比实验与理论计算结果可得：理论计算结果与实验结果基本相近,光滑密封与迷宫密封泄漏量随压差的增大而增大,而组合密封泄漏量与压差成反比,但密封条磨损量增加。迷宫密封泄漏量实测值约为光滑密封实测值的80%,组合密封泄漏量实测值约为光滑密封实测值的63%,且3种密封结构的径向泄漏量随动涡旋盘转速的提高而降低,当动涡旋盘转速超过4 000 m/s时趋于平稳。     

水流环境下温度传感器动态响应测量的不确定度评定

为满足核电快响应温度传感器的复验需要,研制了水流环境下温度传感器动态响应测量装置。分析了测量不确定度的来源,评定了时间常数测量结果的不确定度。通过提出微小时间域内电压示值与时间的线性关系,实现了不确定度由温度向时间参数的传递。对某核级快响应铂热电阻温度传感器的测量结果进行了不确定度评定,其时间常数扩展不确定度U=27ms(k=2)。评定结果表明:示波器光标读取电压和时间的分辨力是不确定度的重要来源,研究结果可为实验测量提供借鉴。     

梯形截面涡旋压缩机的型线设计及泄漏特性

电动汽车整车热管理系统需要搭载大排量的涡旋压缩机以适应多工况高负载的设计需求。本文提出一种大排量涡旋压缩机的型线设计方法,通过经实验校正的仿真模型研究了梯形截面涡旋压缩机的几何特性及泄漏特性。计算结果表明：梯形截面涡旋压缩机在保证齿根强度校核的前提下,平均壁厚降低29.9%,排量提升19.5%。研究型线设计参数对泄漏特性的影响,发现梯形截面涡旋压缩机的内泄漏率与等壁厚涡旋压缩机相差不足2%,具有良好的应用前景。     

A combined transient and brief steady-state technique for measuring hemispherical total emissivity of electrical conductors at high temperatures: Application to tantalum

A new method for measuring hemispherical total emissivity of electrically conducting materials at high temperatures (above 1500 K) using a feedback-controlled pulse-heating technique has been developed. The technique is based on rapid resistive self-heating of a solid cylindrical specimen in vacuum up to a preset high temperature in a short time (about 200 ms) and then keeping the specimen at that temperature under steady-state conditions for a brief period (about 500 ms) before switching off the current through the specimen. The specimen is maintained at constant temperature with a feedback control system which controls the current through the specimen. The computer-controlled feedback system operates a solid-state switch (composed of field-effect transistors). The sensing signal for the feedback is provided by a high-speed optical pyrometer. Hemispherical total emissivity is determined at the temperature plateau from the data on current through the specimen, the voltage drop across the middle portion of the specimen, and the specimen temperature using the steady-state heat balance equation based on the Stefan-Boltzmann law. The true temperature of the specimen is determined from the measured radiance temperature and the normal spectral emissivity: the latter is obtained from laser polarimetric measurements. The experimental quantities are measured and recorded every 0.2 ms with a 12-bit digital oscilloscope. To demonstrate the feasibility of the technique, experiments were conducted on a tantalum specimen in the temperature range 2000 to 2800 K. The results on hemispherical total emissivity are presented and are compared with the data given in the literature.     

Flextensional ultrasonic piezoelectric micro-motor

This paper presents the experimental design, construction, and operational characteristics of a new type of standing wave piezoelectric ultrasonic micro-motor. The motor uses a composite stator, consisting of a metallic flex-tensional mode converter, or "cymbal", bonded to a 2-mm-square piezoelectric plate. The cymbal converts contour-mode vibrations of the plate into oscillations in the cymbal, perpendicular to the stator plane. These are further converted into rotational movement in a rotor pressed against the cymbal by means of an elastic-fin friction drive to produce the required rotary actuation. The motor operates on a single-phase electrical supply, and direct control of the output speed and torque can be achieved by adjusting the amplitude and frequency of the supply voltage. Noncontact optical techniques were used to assess the performance of the developed micro-motor. The operational characteristics were developed from the acceleration and deceleration characteristics. No-load output speed (11 rev s(-1)) and stall torque (27 nNm) were derived using high-speed imaging and image analysis. Maximum efficiency was 0.6%.     

干式空心电抗器模型结构减震控制试验及数值分析

基于压电陶瓷驱动器的工作原理以及形状记忆合金(shape memory alloy,SMA)丝的力学性能特点,研发一种SMA压电混合减震装置,对其进行电-力学试验,并在试验数据的基础上建立以速率符号、电压和位移为神经元输入的混合装置BP网络预测模型。最后将其安装到一个相似比1∶2的10 kV干式空心电抗器结构模型中,其中压电驱动器的激励电压采用T-S模糊逻辑输出,对其进行无控、被动控制和混合控制时的模拟地震振动台试验和数值模拟,进而分析模型结构的动力特性变化规律和不同地震波时的地震响应抑制效果。结果表明:文中研制的SMA-压电摩擦混合减震装置性能稳定、构造合理,可以有效地降低电抗器结构的动力反应。一般地,被动控制时位移和加速度的减震率可达40%,混合控制时可达50%,且震后未见电抗器结构薄弱部位发生地震破坏,说明智能材料减震系统提高了电抗器结构的抗震可靠性,为电气设备系统的减震控制保护提供了新途径。另外,试验与数值模拟结果吻合较好,表明BP神经网络可以较好地跟踪压电SMA混合减震装置的输出力。     

新型双向加载MEMS微执行器动力学分析

传统横向单向加载MEMS静电微执行器存在位移过小或驱动电压过大等问题.本文提出一种纵横双向加载的新型硅基静电执行器模型.基于拉格朗日-麦克斯韦方程建立了微执行器动力方程,分析了边缘漏电场对静电力的影响,基于龙格-库塔算法将所有轴向载荷等效为轴向集中载荷,并分别仿真得到了变形与驱动电压、调节电压和轴向挤压量之间的关系,结果表明当驱动电压仅为16 V时,位移高达10.861μm,远大于目前传统横向加载单向变形微执行器的位移量.通过微型制造工艺加工了微执行器,利用高频信号采集了横向极板间的电压变化量,验证了仿真结果.