改性碳气凝胶/石蜡复合相变储热材料的研究

将石蜡与墙体材料复合能降低建筑人居能耗,但其易泄漏的问题严重影响了复合相变储热材料的广泛应用,采用吸附能力强的碳气凝胶为吸附载体,有望解决复合相变材料容易泄漏的弊端。为进一步提高碳气凝胶吸附石蜡的性能,采用不同质量分数的三甲基氯硅烷对碳气凝胶表面进行改性,通过XRD、SEM与FT-IR等表征手段探究了碳气凝胶表面结构的变化规律。结果表明：改性过程中三甲基氯硅烷的—Cl—Si(CH₃)₃基团能与碳气凝胶表面的—OH发生枝接反应,该变化丰富了试样表面—CH₃数量,改善了制品的憎水性与孔结构,提高了其吸附非极性石蜡的能力;当三甲基氯硅烷的质量分数为30%时,改性碳气凝胶具有最佳的吸附性能,充分浸渍后能吸附85.87%的石蜡。经200次熔融-冷凝循环试验后,复合样品不仅未发生明显的泄漏现象,而且相变温度和相变焓均未发生显著变化。该研究制备的复合相变储热材料具有优异的稳定性与良好的隔热保温性能,为开发新型墙体隔热保温材料提供了新的思路。     

硬脂醇改性的氧化石墨烯/正十八烷复合相变材料的热物性研究

向正十八烷中加入高导热填充物形成复合相变材料（PCM），可以很好地提升其导热性能，同时，为了保证符合相变材料的高热导率、分散性和再循环可靠性，利用硬脂醇修饰氧化石墨烯（GO），形成改性石墨烯（MG）与正十八烷的复合相变材料。分别制备了改性石墨烯质量分数为0、1%、2%、3%、4%（质量）的改性石墨烯/正十八烷复合相变材料，并经过扫描电镜测试、红外光谱分析、差示扫描量热实验及导热分析等测试对其形貌结构及热物性进行表征和研究。实验表明制备的改性石墨烯/正十八烷复合相变材料具有很好的分散性；当纳米石墨烯片的质量分数达到4%时，复合相变材料的热导率相对于纯正十八烷高出了131.9%。     

基于气凝胶保温涂料的复合保温结构研究及应用

本文以纳米气凝胶、 TiO₂、SiO₂、SiC三种隔热粉体作为填料，氧化铝纤维和硅酸铝纤维作为增强材料，有机-无机复合胶体作为粘结剂，制备了纳米气凝胶保温涂料。考查了气凝胶用量对涂料的干密度、隔热性能和导热系数的影响。结果表明：粘结剂量为 35%、纤维总加入量为 25%（氧化铝纤维和硅酸铝纤维质量比 1∶1）、填料量为 40%（TiO₂、SiO₂、SiC粉体质量比例为 2∶1∶1且保持与气凝胶量的总和占涂料的 40%），当气凝胶量为 15%时，涂料的导热系数为 0.04 W/m.K，干密度为 158 kg/m³，涂料的隔热性能最好。以纳米气凝胶保温涂料为基础，研究了一种适用于稠油热采蒸汽管保温的复合保温结构，将耐热纤维层、保温涂料层和金属外壳进行复合，这一复合保温结构成功应用在稠油注蒸汽管道外层保温改造项目中。与原有保温结构相比，年估算节能量约为 94.8 t标准煤，有效提高了稠油热注蒸汽管线的保温效果。     

PEG/APS-SiO2/O-CNTs导热增强相变材料的制备及性能

以聚乙二醇(PEG)为相变材料,以3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷（APS）改性的二氧化硅(SiO2)为支撑材料,以氧化壁碳纳米管(O-CNTs)为导热增强材料,采用溶胶-凝胶法成功制备了PEG/APS-SiO2/O-CNTs导热增强型复合相变材料。通过FTIR、XRD、SEM、DSC等对材料的结构和热性能进行了表征。当PEG含量为82.0%时,复合相变材料仍然具有良好定型效果,熔化焓和结晶焓达到134.2 J/g、126.6 J/g,而且材料具有很好的储热稳定性,300次热循环后,其储热焓值仅下降3.3%。相比于纯PEG,添加了0.6%的O-CNTs的复合相变材料的导热增强率为28.1%, 达到0.41W/(m?K)。红外热成像结果表明,复合相变材料的储能效率明显提高。     

聚丙烯纤维基复合气凝胶的制备及其在吸油领域的应用

为开发具有高吸油率的吸油材料，以聚丙烯纤维、聚乙烯醇和甲基三乙氧基硅烷（MTEOS）为原料，通过冷冻干燥和气相化学沉积方法（CVD）制备了具有疏水性的聚丙烯纤维基复合气凝胶吸油材料，并对复合气凝胶的密度、孔隙率、形貌结构、接触角及原油的吸附量进行测试。结果表明：制备的复合气凝胶具有低密度（0.004～0.019 g/cm3）和高孔隙度（98.10%～99.55%）的特点。复合气凝胶呈现连续分布的三维网络结构，表现出良好的疏水亲油性，与水接触角最高可达136.1°，最佳吸油量达到86.2 g/g。聚丙烯纤维基气凝胶是一种具有潜力的高效吸油材料，为解决原油泄漏提供新思路。     

基于四重氢键的自修复温敏相变凝胶的制备及性能

为提高定型相变材料（SSPCM）的使用寿命，以水和离子液体（IL）为相变材料（PCM），N-异丙基丙烯酰胺（NIPAM）为单体，壳寡糖（COS）为添加剂，引入2-脲基-4[1H]-嘧啶酮（UPy）形成四重氢键二聚体，采用自由基聚合法制备了自修复温敏性相变凝胶（S-EBIL）。通过FTIR、SEM、TEM对相变凝胶的化学结构与微观形貌进行表征，并测定了相变凝胶的自修复性、溶胀性和热性能。结果表明，相变凝胶具有多孔结构，内部孔径为18~38 μm，微凝胶核壳尺寸2~4 μm。相变凝胶具有温度敏感性，当温度升高时，相变凝胶黏弹性增大，不仅能维持相变材料的基本形状，而且能防止相变材料泄漏。相变凝胶相变温度为-10~0 ℃，相变焓值最高为252.9 J/g，导热系数为0.52 W/(m?K)。自修复温敏相变凝胶（S-EBIL3，IL与H2O质量比为3∶10）修复效率可达95.5%（30 s）。     

碳化物气凝胶隔热材料的研究进展

综述了近几年来氧化物气凝胶、碳气凝胶和碳化物气凝胶在高温隔热方向的研究进展,介绍了改性制备过程和隔热性能研究,并对耐高温碳化物气凝胶隔热防护材料未来的发展进行了展望。     

细菌纤维素/热塑性聚氨酯复合气凝胶纤维制备及性能

使用绿色有机材料细菌纤维素(BC),并掺杂增强材料热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)经过湿法纺丝制备复合气凝胶纤维,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、热重分析(TG)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、全自动比表面孔隙度分析仪和单丝强力仪对制备的气凝胶纤维进行结构分析和性能表征,结果表明复合气凝胶纤维具有多孔结构,良好的力学性能和隔热性能,断裂强度达到24.69Mpa,断裂伸长为38.54%。     

高温复合隔热结构组成对其瞬态热特性的影响

建立多层复合隔热结构辐射-导热与相变换热模型, 采用Monte Corlo方法模拟复合隔热结构内半透明介质的热辐射传递,有限体积法求解能量方程。分析比较了纤维隔热毡-金属膜复合结构、纤维隔热毡-纤维增强气凝胶材料-金属膜复合结构、纤维隔热毡-纤维增强气凝胶材料-相变隔热材料-金属膜复合结构等三类典型复合隔热结构的瞬态换热特性,研究表明不同的复合隔热结构组成其热特性差异显著,为复合隔热结构的设计、优化提供了指导思路。     

高温复合隔热结构组成对其瞬态热特性的影响

建立多层复合隔热结构辐射-导热与相变换热模型,采用Monte Corlo方法模拟复合隔热结构内半透明介质的热辐射传递,有限体积法求解能量方程。分析比较了纤维隔热毡-金属膜复合结构、纤维隔热毡-纤维增强气凝胶材料-金属膜复合结构、纤维隔热毡-纤维增强气凝胶材料-相变隔热材料-金属膜复合结构等三类典型复合隔热结构的瞬态换热特性,研究表明不同的复合隔热结构组成其热特性差异显著,为复合隔热结构的设计、优化提供了指导思路。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.