粒子滤波器SLAM算法研究

为解决传统的基于Rao-Blackwellized粒子滤波器的同时定位与地图创建（SLAM）算法需要大量的采样粒子,而且频繁重采样操作可能导致粒子耗尽的问题,提出一种改进算法。在计算采样的提议分布时考虑了里程计信息和距离传感器信息,并且通过计算有效粒子数目适时进行重采样操作,通过加入随机粒子来维持多样性。该方法能减少粒子数目,同时保证算法的一致性。仿真结果表明,算法提高了计算效率,创建的栅格地图具有更高的精度。     

基于激光雷达与双目视觉的移动机器人SLAM研究

为解决移动机器人在环境未知条件下,利用单一传感器自主导航时不能及时定位、构建地图不精确的问题,提出采用一种改进RBPF算法,在计算提议分布时将移动机器人的观测数据(视觉信息与激光雷达信息)和里程计信息融合;针对一般视觉图像特征点提取算法较慢的问题,采用基于ORB算法对视觉图像进行处理以加快视觉图像处理速度的方法;最后通过在安装有开源机器人操作系统(ROS)的履带式移动机器人进行实验,验证了采用该方法可构建可靠性更高、更精确的2D栅格图,提高了移动机器人SLAM的鲁棒性.     

融合视觉信息的激光SLAM

针对Gmapping SLAM(simultaneous location and mapping)算法在地图构建过程中对里程计定位精度要求较高且存在粒子耗散、退化等问题，本文首先设计出并行视觉识别与定位网络，用视觉特征与定位信息弥补粒子退化与激光点的漂移，强化定位能力，提高语义信息与构图精度；其次优化提议分布，将观测模型从里程计观测模型变换为激光观测模型并进行高斯采样，用更少的粒子覆盖机器人的概率分布；最后通过贝叶斯规则将视觉信息与激光信息融合，利用仿真工具、机器人平台与原算法进行对比，实验结果表明该算法不仅有效地提高地图构建的精确度与鲁棒性而且丰富了地图的语义信息。     

融合遗传优化的粒子滤波器算法

为了解决基于Rao-Blackwellized粒子滤波器的同时定位与地图创建算法需要大量的采样粒子,而且频繁重采样可能导致粒子耗尽的问题,提出了融合遗传优化的粒子滤波器算法。设计了一种变异的遗传算法来兼顾粒子的权值和粒子集的多样性,取代原有的重采样步骤。在计算采样的提议分布时考虑了里程计信息和距离传感器信息,并且通过遗传算法来维持粒子集的多样性。实验结果表明,融合遗传优化的粒子滤波器算法在估计精度和一致性方面都具有较好的性能,所创建的地图具有更高的精度。     

基于视觉惯性里程计与语义信息的无人机SLAM方法研究

室内环境中存在丰富的语义信息,可以使机器人更好地理解环境,提高机器人位姿估计的准确性。虽然语义信息在机器人同时定位与地图构建(SLAM)领域得到了深入研究和广泛应用,但是在环境准确感知、语义特征提取和语义信息利用等方面还存在着很多困难。针对上述难点,提出了一种基于视觉惯性里程计算法与语义信息相结合的新方法,该方法通过视觉惯性里程计来估计机器人的状态,通过校正估计,构建从语义检测中提取的几何表面的稀疏语义地图;通过将检测到的语义对象的几何信息与先前映射的语义信息相关联来解决视觉惯性里程计和惯性测量单元的累积误差问题。在室内环境中对装备RGB-D深度视觉和激光雷达的无人机进行验证实验,结果表明,该方法比视觉惯性里程计算法取得了更好的结果。应用结合语义信息和视觉惯性里程计的SLAM算法表现出很好的鲁棒性和准确性,该方法能提高无人机导航精度,实现无人机智能自主导航。     

双目立体视觉栅格地图构建方法

本文基于立体视觉定位技术,提出了基于双目立体视觉的栅格地图构建方法,用以解决目前视觉SLAM技术构建的稀疏特征地图难以直接用于自主导航的问题。本文提出的方法仅以视觉信息作为输入实时完成移动机器人自定位与外界环境栅格地图的构建。首先采用双目立体视觉定位获取机器人运动参数,利用稠密匹配估算空间点云分布,在考虑机器人实际高度的情况下将三维点云投影成二维数据,最后通过二值贝叶斯滤波器在线构建栅格地图。本文所构建的栅格地图包含环境几何信息,可直接应用于机器人路径规划与导航。实验结果验证了本文所以出的定位与地图构建方法的可行性。     

激光雷达运动畸变去除的算法设计

近年来,激光雷达的同时定位和地图构建(SLAM)算法发展相对成熟。然而,移动底盘与激光雷达作为激光SLAM系统的主要传感器,当传感器的精度降低时,将会影响机器人定位的准确度与构建地图的效果。因此,针对精度低的激光雷达快速运动时而产生的畸变,论述了轮式里程计的辅助算法。由于轮式里程计的辅助方法是位置线性假设,因此导致该算法在地图构建精度方面存在不足。针对位置线性假设没有误差线性假设合理的问题,提出了轮式里程计和迭代最近点(ICP)方法的融合。采用智能小车在室内进行移动构建环境地图。试验结果表明,轮式里程计和ICP方法融合的算法能够有效地提高定位的精度和地图构建的准确性。     

基于RBPF-SLAM算法的研究与实现

同时定位与地图创建（the simultaneous localization and mapping,SLAM）是机器人领域的难点问题,目前广泛采用Rao-Blackwellized Particle Filters （RBPF）算法解决该问题.在传统的RBPF算法实现中构建的高误差建议分布会采样计算大量粒子来拟合目标分布,频繁的重采样步骤导致粒子逐渐耗散,浪费大量计算资源.在本文中通过把运动模型信息与观测信息相结合优化建议分布,减少采样粒子数量,引入自适应重采样方法减少重采样步骤.在算法的实现时使用树形数据结构存储环境地图,实验结果表明,该改进算法可以显著计算效率,减小存储消耗,构建地图更为精确.     

基于小生境遗传优化的Rao-Blackwellised SLAM算法

同步定位与地图构建（SLAM）是实现机器人自主定位的核心问题之一,Rao-Blackwellised粒子滤波器（RBPF）作为一种SLAM定位的有效方法,被广泛应用在实时定位领域中,但由其随着粒子数目的增加会频繁重采样从而导致“粒子退化”问题。为了解决该问题,改善SLAM性能,该文提出了一种基于改进小生境遗传优化的RBPF SLAM算法INGO-RBPF,采用改进的Rao-Blackwellised粒子滤波器解决SLAM路径估计问题,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波器解决SLAM地图估计问题。最后通过MATLAB仿真表明INGO-RBPF算法具有较高的估计精度和稳定性,抗干扰能力较强,定位较准确,比较适合应用在SLAM实时定位中。     

基于扫描匹配的室外环境SLAM 方法

针对室外环境中的机器人“绑架”问题,提出了基于地图匹配的SLAM方法．该方法舍弃了机器人里程计信息, 只利用局部地图和全局地图的图形相关性进行机器人定位．方法的核心是多重估计数据关联,并将奇异值分解应用到机器人位姿计算中．利用Victoria Park数据集将本算法与基于扩展卡尔曼滤波器的方法进行比较,实验结果证明了本文提出的算法的有效性．     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.