种子扩大培养过程对类人胶原蛋白规模化生产的影响

为了建立最优的类人胶原蛋白(HLC)的种子扩大培养过程,考察了三级种子培养过程中不同移种阶段和不同种子培养基对发酵过程的影响。结果表明,在对数期后期移种,HLC产率最高;当种子培养基中葡萄糖浓度为20 g·L-1时,其后发酵过程所需的培养时间较短,HLC表达量较高,HLC平均产率最高,达到0.518 g·L-1·h-1...     

溶氧探测补料技术发酵生产类人胶原蛋白的研究

在重组大肠杆菌发酵生产类人胶原蛋白(HLC)过程中,快速确定不同反应器中的补料速率,抑制乙酸产生,高水平表达HLC.采用溶氧探测补料技术,在不同规模反应器中,分批-补料培养重组大肠杆菌生产HLC,根据脉冲补料方式时溶氧信号的响应特征来辩识是否产生乙酸并确定补料速率.在实验室规模获得的最终细胞密度和HLC质量浓度分别为6...     

表达GLP-1融合蛋白的重组大肠杆菌分批补料培养工艺优化

人胰高血糖素样肽-1(Glucagon Like Peptide-1,GLP-1)是一种有潜在应用价值的治疗糖尿病的药物。今以一株表达GLP-1融合蛋白的重组大肠杆菌为研究对象,在分批培养条件下,通过流加甘油并在诱导前0.5h添加氮源使菌体密度、融合蛋白表达水平、融合蛋白体积得率和融合蛋白细胞得率分别提高了138.0%、29.5%、216.9%和29.6%。在此基础上,进一步考察了甘油补加策略、氮源补料方式以及补氮液浓度等过程因素对菌体生长以及GLP-1融合蛋白表达的影响,发现氮源流加过程是提高融合蛋白表达水平的关键因素。进而通过对补料过程的优化,建立了高密度高表达的分批补料培养工艺,最终使菌体密度、融合蛋白表达水平、融合蛋白体积得率和融合蛋白细胞得率分别达到51.93g·L-1、34.6%、2.937g·L-1和0.057g·g-1cell,较分批培养分别提高了314.5%、100.0%、784.6%和111.1%。研究结果对GLP-1融合蛋白的产业化开发有一定的指导意义。     

重组大肠杆菌产耐热α-L-鼠李糖苷酶高密度发酵条件的优化

为了减少乙酸的生成,提高重组大肠杆菌生产耐热α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的产量,考查了指数流加培养、两阶段指数流加培养、诱导温度、诱导pH对重组大肠杆菌发酵生产耐热α-L-鼠李糖苷酶(TstRhaA)过程中乙酸含量和酶产量的影响。确定最佳发酵工艺：诱导前比生长速率0.2 h^-1,诱导后比生长速率0.18 h-1,诱导温度33℃,p H 7.2。在最佳发酵工艺条件下,乙酸浓度始终保持在0.8 g/L以下,菌体干重(DCW)最大为69.6 g/L,最高酶活力为589.0 U/mL,是摇瓶发酵的23.4倍,实现了重组大肠杆菌高密度发酵生产TstRhaA。研究结果表明,调节大肠杆菌高密度发酵过程中乙酸含量在合适范围内,能够实现TstRhaA的高效生产,这对其他酶的高密度表达具有重要指导意义。     

响应面法优化胶原蛋白发酵培养基和培养条件

目的利用统计学方法对重组大肠杆菌发酵培养基进行优化,提高胶原蛋白产量。方法应用Plackett-Burman试验设计法和响应面法,对发酵培养基6种组分配比和2个初始发酵条件进行优化;用Design-Expert软件对实验数据进行多元回归分析,并建立3种主要因素(葡萄糖、混合氮源和K2HPO4)与胶原蛋白产量之间的函数关系。用最终优化的配方进行5次验证试验。结果培养基3个最佳浓度为:葡萄糖为14.69 g/L、混合氮源为15.04 g/L、K2HPO4为11.91 g/L,胶原蛋白表达率可达33.95%。5次验证试验所测得的胶原蛋白平均表达率为34.02%,与预测结果基本一致。结论优化的重组大肠杆菌发酵培养基可显著提高胶原蛋白产量。     

微胶囊固定化培养重组盘基网柄菌提高人类可溶性Fas配体的表达

首先研究了应用于液芯羧甲基纤维素钠-海藻酸钙(CMC-ALG)微胶囊制备中的各种化学组分对重组盘基网柄菌生长的影响,然后考察不同组分浓度制备而成的各种CMC-ALG微胶囊内重组盘基网柄菌的生长情况,从而得到较适的微胶囊制备的组分配比(CMC 12 g·L-1,SA 8 g·L-1,CaCl2 100 g·L-1).结果表明,在以上较适条件下制备的微胶囊内重组盘基网柄菌的生长得到了极大的改善,最大的细胞密度比游离培养时提高了4倍,达到了8.0×107 mL-1;相应的人类可溶性Fas配体(FasL)的表达水平也提高了1.5倍,达到了315 μg·L-1.最后,开展了微胶囊化重组盘基网柄菌的二次重复发酵FasL的研究,结果表明,经过二次重复批次培养,最大细胞密度可达到1.24×108 mL-1,为游离培养的8～10倍,而且FasL的表达水平还能维持高水平(280 μg·L-1),为游离培养时的2倍.     

重组大肠杆菌产胆固醇氧化酶的指数流加策略

以指数流加策略高密度培养重组大肠杆菌,发酵生产胆固醇氧化酶。通过对比生长速率的分阶段控制使得细胞干重达40.128g/L。确定了最佳的诱导时机为菌体对数生长期的中期,产酶速率为1287.31U/(L·h)。菌体产酶水平达6436.56U/L,生产强度为459.75U/(L·h),实现了胆固醇氧化酶的高效生产。     

γ-氨基丁酸液体发酵过程的条件优化及补料研究

为了提高γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的发酵水平,在3.7 L发酵罐中考察了不同操作条件(通气和pH控制)对短乳杆菌CGMCC NO.1306分批发酵生产GABA的影响.结果表明,不同操作条件对GABA的发酵产量有显著影响.好氧发酵有利于菌体的生长,最大菌体干重达到2.78 g·L-1,而厌氧发酵有利于产物GABA的生成,发酵72 h时GABA的产量达到23.94 g·L-1.在兼性厌氧条件下,研究了pH控制对GABA分批发酵的影响,实验发现pH控制在5.0时,GABA产量最高,发酵72 h时GABA的产量达到40.73 g·L-1. 对GABA的补料发酵进行了初步研究,发酵108 h时GABA产量达到76.36 g·L-1,分别比摇瓶发酵、厌氧发酵以及控制pH 5.0发酵提高128.6%、219%和87.5%.     

应用溶氧反馈控制高密度培养重组大肠杆菌过程中乙酸的产生

在培养重组大肠杆菌的过程中,乙酸的产生会抑制细菌的生长,也不利于重组蛋白的表达.研究了补料培养重组大肠杆菌过程中,应用脉冲补料方式时溶氧信号的响应特征来辩识是否产生乙酸.当大肠杆菌以0.1 h-1的比生长速率生长时,补料过程中发酵液的乙酸含量很低,溶氧pO2的响应信号随脉冲补料而振荡.而在诱导表达重组人表皮生长因子时,大肠杆菌的呼吸能力下降,过量补入的葡萄糖使重组菌产生大量的乙酸,同时pO2的响应信号失去振荡的特征.根据pO2响应信号的特征反馈控制葡萄糖的流加速率,有效地避免了重组蛋白表达过程中乙酸的产生,实现了重组大肠杆菌的高密度培养,菌体干重达到48 g·L-1,重组人表皮生长因子的表达水平提高了45%.     

重组大肠杆菌HT02高密度高表达HT-1融合蛋白发酵过程优化

发酵工艺放大是将实验室成果产业化的必要一环,随着发酵规模的扩大,工艺流程也会有相应的调整,导致微生物所处的生长环境以及生长代谢状态的改变,从而影响大体积发酵罐的发酵水平。本文以一株产HT-1融合蛋白的重组大肠杆菌HT02为研究对象,在200 L发酵罐中研究了分批补料培养时菌体生长与HT-1融合蛋白表达的特性,通过采用提前诱导、增加接种量的手段,解决了因增加二级种子培养工艺而导致的200 L发酵罐中HT-1融合蛋白表达水平下降的问题,最终使菌体密度、HT-1融合蛋白表达水平、融合蛋白细胞得率以及融合蛋白体积得率分别达到55.1 g·L^-1、27.4%、0.056 g·(g cell)^-1和3.103 g·L^-1,较工艺改进前发酵水平分别提高了9.8%、23.4%、14.3%和25.2%,实现了在200 L发酵罐中高密度高表达发酵,为HT-1工业化生产提供了指导。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。