配比及热处理气氛对纳米Fe/石墨复合材料微波吸收性能的影响

利用氧化石墨层间可吸附大量离子的特性使Fe3+吸附到氧化石墨层间,再通过还原法制备了纳米Fe/石墨复合材料.采用元素分析、电磁参数测定等手段系统考察了硝酸铁与氧化石墨的配比及热处理气氛对纳米Fe/石墨复合材料分子组成和微波吸收性能的影响.结果表明,纳米Fe/石墨复合材料属于典型的软磁性材料;FeGO31H600的最大反射损耗为-6dB,而FeGO21H600的最大反射损耗达到了-9dB,故FeGO21H600的微波吸收效果最好;当厚度为1mm时,FeGO21600反射损耗大于6dB的频段范围为14～18GHz,而FeGO21H600反射损耗大于6dB的频段范围为11～18GHz,比FeGO21600低且宽,故FeGO21H600的微波吸收效果比FeGO21600的好.     

香蒲衍生Fe/C复合材料的制备及其吸波性能

生物质材料具有特异的微观形态和孔道结构，被认为是碳组分优良的形态遗传材料，且生物质材料来源广泛、价格低廉，亦符合国家可持续发展的战略需求。基于此，本文选取生物质香蒲为主要碳源，Fe³⁺为金属源，经原位吸附和碳热还原得到碳基底表面均匀负载的Fe纳米粒子(Fe/C复合材料)，随着煅烧温度的升高，铁纳米粒子的结晶度增强；Fe/C-700复合材料在低频和高频具有多重共振行为，有助于介电损耗能力的提升；二维反射损耗结果显示，900℃的Fe/C复合材料的吸波性能最好，厚度为5 mm时，4.4 GHz处达到最大反射损耗-35 dB，复合材料优良的吸波性能取决于其较好的阻抗匹配特性和介电损耗与磁损耗的协同作用，本研究将为新型磁性碳基吸波材料的合成提供高效、便捷的合成策略。     

纳米铁钴合金/石墨复合材料的微波吸收性能研究

利用氧化石墨的吸附性能将Fe³⁺和Co²⁺吸附到氧化石墨层间制备出Fe³⁺Co²⁺/氧化石墨复合物, 再通过氢气还原制备出纳米铁钴合金/石墨复合材料, 采用XRD和SEM以及磁滞回线测试等手段对其晶体结构、微观形貌以及磁学性能进行表征, 探讨了FeCo合金含量对其微波吸收性能的影响。结果表明: 所制备的产物为石墨和纳米FeCo合金颗粒组成的二元复合材料, FeCo合金分散在石墨表面和层间, 粒径为30~150 nm。纳米铁钴合金/石墨复合材料是典型的软磁性材料, 饱和磁化强度随FeCo合金含量的减小而降低。随着FeCo合金含量的减少, 纳米FeCo/石墨复合材料的介电损耗逐渐增加, 磁损耗逐渐减小。FeCo合金含量适当时, 介电损耗和磁损耗的协同作用使复合材料具有较好的微波吸收性能。     

CoFe2O4-石墨烯纳米复合材料的制备及微波吸收性能

通过原位共沉淀法即Co²⁺、Fe²⁺均匀共沉淀在氧化石墨表面的同时氧化石墨被原位热还原, 制备出CoFe₂O₄-石墨烯(CFO-GN)纳米复合材料。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、热重分析仪(TGA)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和矢量网络分析仪(VNA)等对复合材料的形貌、结构、元素成分及微波吸收性能进行了表征和分析。结果表明: 钴铁氧体(CoFe₂O₄)纳米粒子均匀分散在石墨烯层间及表面, CoFe₂O₄-石墨烯纳米复合材料同时具有介电损耗和磁损耗, 表现出良好的微波吸收性能。CoFe₂O₄质量分数分别为88.62%和74.53%的CoFe₂O₄-石墨烯纳米复合材料, 当厚度为2 mm时反射损耗分别可达-11.0 dB和-12.4 dB, 反射损耗在-8 dB以下的频宽约为2.0 GHz和4.3 GHz。其中石墨烯含量相对较高的复合材料介电损耗较强, 反射损耗强度较大, 吸收频带较宽, 具有更好的微波吸收性能。     

静电纺制备Fe3O4/PEK-C纳米复合膜及其吸波性能

静电纺丝技术是一种新颖、高效且简单的制备连续纳米纤维的方法,纳米复合纤维膜的优异特点赋予了纳米吸波剂新的吸波通道。本文采用静电纺丝工艺制备Fe3O4/PEK-C纳米复合纤维膜,利用SEM和TGA表征纳米复合纤维膜的微观形貌和热稳定性,用矢量网络分析仪测试样品在8.2~12.4 GHz的电磁参数与吸波性能。结果表明,Fe3O4/PEK-C纳米复合纤维膜呈现出超细纤维彼此交织构成的立体网络结构,其热稳定性、复介电常数和复磁导率均随着Fe3O4含量的增加而增加,介电损耗和磁损耗得到加强。当纳米复合纤维膜的厚度为1.8 mm时,其反射损耗在整个测试波段均处于-5 dB以下,-10 dB以下有效吸收频宽为2 GHz,频率在8.6 GHz处吸收强度达到最大值-15.4 dB。预期可作为隐身复合材料的吸波功能层。     

外贴Fe3O4/CNTs杂化碳纳米纸的碳纳米管复合材料吸波性能

通过对Fe₃O₄纳米粒子接枝碳纳米管的单分散水溶液真空吸滤制备出一种新型的杂化碳纳米纸, 它与树脂浸润良好, 可以与复合材料一体成型。分别借助FE-SEM、EDS、BJH法和振动样品磁强计表征杂化碳纳米纸及其复合材料的微观形貌、元素组成、平均孔径分布和磁性能。在8.2~18 GHz频段内利用波导法测量碳纳米管共混复合材料和外贴杂化碳纳米纸/碳纳米管共混复合材料的电磁参数和吸波反射率。研究结果表明: 外贴一层杂化碳纳米纸(厚0.1 mm)后, 碳纳米管共混复合材料的磁损耗明显增加, 在8.2~18 GHz微波频段内吸波反射率基本上全部小于-10 dB(频宽大于9.7 GHz), 在15.42 GHz位置, 反射损耗峰达-43.18 dB, 远优于碳纳米管共混复合材料。     

木基多孔炭/铁氧体复合吸波材料的制备与性能表征

以马尾松木材为原料,使用低温预处理、真空浸注和高温原位生长等手段制备了性能优异的木基多孔炭/铁氧体复合吸波材料(WPC/Fe3 O4),采用XRD、XPS、SEM、VNA等技术对复合材料的物相、成分、形貌和电磁特性等进行表征分析,初步阐述了其吸波机理.结果表明:制备的WPC/Fe3 O4具有优异的吸波性能,其反射损耗峰值达-35.6 dB,有效吸波频带宽超过5.6 GHz,并且在3～4.3 mm厚度范围内均可实现对全部Ku频段电磁波的有效吸收;WPC/Fe3 O4具有规则通直的孔隙结构和丰富的异质界面,高温下Fe3 O4纳米粒子均匀生长于木基多孔炭的孔隙和炭壁中;随着碳化温度的升高,WPC/Fe3 O4的介电常数显著增大而磁导率变化较小;WPC/Fe3 O4的电磁损耗机制主要为导电损耗、磁损耗和界面极化损耗.复合材料表现出对Ku频段电磁波的高效与宽频吸收,有望实现其在电子通讯或目标隐身等微波领域的应用.     

Ni(NO3)2浓度对Ni/还原氧化石墨微观结构及微波吸收性能的影响

以Ni(NO₃)₂为Ni源, 利用液相浸渍法在氧化石墨层间吸附Ni²⁺, 通过H₂热还原制备出Ni/还原氧化石墨纳米复合材料。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及网络矢量分析仪等对样品的结构及性能进行分析和表征, 研究了Ni(NO₃)₂浓度对材料微观形貌及电磁性能的影响。结果表明, 所制备材料为纳米级Ni颗粒与RGO的复合体, 具有优良的微波吸收性能; 当Ni(NO₃)₂浓度为1.5 mol/L时, 材料电磁吸收性能最佳, 在2~18 GHz频率范围内, 材料厚度为2 mm时, 反射损耗(RL)小于-5 dB的频率范围可达9 GHz, RL_max可达-40 dB。     

超声场下导电聚苯胺/纳米铁氧体吸波涂层的制备及其吸波性能

导电聚苯胺/纳米铁氧体复合吸波材料具有吸波能力强,质量轻等特点.采用乳液聚合法以苯胺为单体、十二烷基苯磺酸为掺杂剂、过硫酸铵为氧化剂,在超声场下制备导电聚苯胺粉体;将其与纳米Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O45及纳米Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4一起用原位合成法制备了复合吸波涂层.结果表明:制备的吸波涂层在17.9,15.9,22.3 GHz时分别具有最大反射损耗-10.0,-15.9,-39.9 dB,2种复合涂层拓展了波段,提高了对电磁渡的吸收效果.     

Fe_3O_4@锂铝硅微晶玻璃/还原氧化石墨烯复合材料的制备和吸波性能

为了改善传统磁性吸波材料的阻抗匹配和提升吸波性能,将传统的磁性材料Fe_3O_4、透波材料锂铝硅微晶玻璃(LAS)和还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)进行复合,采用三步法制备Fe_3O_4@LAS/RGO磁性吸波复合材料。通过多种测试手段对其结构、形貌和组成进行表征,并分析其电磁参数和吸波性能。研究了基体氧化石墨烯(GO)添加量对Fe_3O_4@LAS/RGO复合材料的形成和吸波性能的影响,随着GO含量的增加,Fe_3O_4@LAS纳米球的分布变得稀疏,RGO堆叠程度变大。GO的质量分数为40wt%(Fe_3O_4与LAS摩尔比为1∶0.2)时,Fe_3O_4@LAS/RGO复合材料的吸波性能最佳,反射损耗在12.4GHz处达到-65dB,且仅需要2.1mm的匹配厚度,在该厚度下小于-10dB(超过90%的电磁波被材料吸收)的反射损耗达到4GHz。LAS作为涂覆在Fe_3O_4纳米球表面的透波层,引入了多重透射-吸收机制。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。