香气对饱腹感和味觉影响的研究进展

风味是口腔中产生的味觉、鼻腔中产生的嗅觉和三叉神经感觉的综合感官印象,主要包括食品的香气和滋味。风味物质大多为非营养性物质,不参与人体代谢。风味是构成食品质量的重要因素之一,在消费者选择食物中起着非常重要的作用。本文综述了香气对饱腹感和味觉影响的研究进展,介绍了香气技术应用中存在的问题并展望了相关研究在食品包括新型保健食品开发中的应用前景。     

气味与滋味间相互作用对食品风味感知影响研究进展

食品风味是影响消费者购买欲的重要因素,而风味感知的形成受嗅觉、味觉等多种感官的共同影响,利用气味与滋味间感知交互作用改善食品风味已成为最受关注的食品风味调控新方向之一。基于此,本文首先从神经生物学角度分析嗅觉与味觉间跨模态感知交互作用的主要形成通路及机制,然后从静态感官分析和动态感官分析两个方面总结跨模态感知交互作用的主要研究方法,最后结合相关文献案例分别综述气味物质对味觉感知（甜、咸、苦、鲜和酸）以及滋味物质对嗅觉感知的影响,旨在为食品加工过程风味品质的调控提供新思路。     

后鼻腔香气感知影响因素及其分析方法研究进展

后鼻腔香气感知是食品口腔加工过程中的一种重要感官体验,对消费者的食品感官享受、接受度以及行为学特征有重要影响。本文综述了遗传变异和饮食文化差异对香气认知和感知能力的影响;食品的基本性质和口腔加工生理参数对后鼻腔香气感知的影响;鼻气流和鼻腔生理结构对香气从口腔传递至后鼻腔的重要作用,并总结了后鼻腔香气检测和动态香气感官评价方法。后鼻腔香气感知与味觉、口腔触觉等多种感官存在跨模交互作用,明确后鼻腔香气感知机制对实现食品配方设计和口腔加工过程中风味感知的靶向调控有重要意义。     

乳制品减糖的必要性及研究进展

基于含糖食品对公众健康的影响,降糖成为食品工业的技术挑战之一。从乳制品和糖与健康的关系出发,重点分析了糖的消费现状和膳食推荐,以及不同国家和地区为控制居民糖的摄入而采取的营养标签标识、征税等措施；通过糖对乳制品的作用、乳制品中糖的应用现状、乳制品降糖面临的技术挑战等内容的解析,论述了乳制品减糖的必要性和发展趋势。乳制品减糖一般常用逐步降糖、糖替代、食品质构创新、多感官融合等技术方法。逐步降糖让消费者习惯低糖乳制品的口感是最理想的措施,但市场风险的存在使企业更倾向于选择在不降低甜度的前提下,使用非营养型高倍甜味剂、糖醇和膳食纤维等实现减糖。代糖物质对产品感官和品质的影响是乳品工业面临的技术挑战；食品质构创新可以在不增加产品中糖的添加量前提下,从质构调节、风味释放等多维度提升甜度感受；采用多感官融合技术从甜味质量、强度、持续性和空间性等4个维度综合模拟糖对产品的贡献、实现减糖是可行的趋势。     

威代尔甜葡萄酒主要呈香物质和香气特征的鉴定

通过气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)对威代尔甜葡萄酒中的呈香物质进行鉴定,准确定量出了35种挥发性香气成分,并结合各物质的感官阈值对每种物质的香气活性值(OAV)进行计算,寻找出威代尔甜葡萄酒中的主要呈香物质。同时,通过感官评鉴对4款威代尔甜葡萄酒的香气特征和轮廓进行了分析。结果表明,4种威代尔甜葡萄酒中共有18种香气成分具有气味活性,其中4-甲基-4-巯基-2-戊酮的气味活性值最高,使甜葡萄酒表现出苦味和葡萄柚的风味;辛酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯主要为甜葡萄酒提供水果香;丁香酚、2-苯乙醇使葡萄酒具有花香。威代尔甜葡萄酒的香气特征整体表现出蜜香、甜苹果、葡萄柚的香气特征,其中,兰月谷甜白苦杏仁味、脂肪味突出;张裕冰酒花香突出,有玫瑰和焦糖的独特味道;巴格斯冰酒果香突出,植物味明显;加拿大云惜甜白有菠萝和麦芽的香气,符合分析的结果。     

基于人工感官、电子舌和σ-τ法研究食品甜香成分对甜味的相互作用规律

甜味是风味的重要味觉指标,不仅受葡萄糖等糖类甜味物质的影响,也受添加的甜香物质的影响。文章对甜香成分与甜味物质间是否存在协同作用进行了研究。采用电子舌技术结合人工感官探究了6种香气物质(苯甲醇、苯乙醇、肉桂醛、香兰素、呋喃酮、γ-癸内酯)对葡萄糖溶液甜味的影响效果。运用σ-τ图法进行分析,结果表明:单一的葡萄糖水溶液在电子舌上响应值随着浓度变化呈现正相关,即随着浓度增加,甜味值也增加,但是浓度较高时增加趋势趋于平缓;而在6种香料的研究中,发现苯甲醇和苯乙醇的增甜效果最好,肉桂醛和γ-癸内酯的增甜效果则在指定浓度范围内有所提高,香兰素和呋喃酮则对甜味有减弱作用。该研究成果可广泛应用于饮料、烘焙、冰淇淋等领域,为实现"减糖不减味"的目标提供一定的借鉴意义。     

关于甜味剂的生产与应用问题

<正> 甜味剂是指能赋予食品以甜味的食品添加剂,按其来源可分为天然甜味剂和人工合成甜味剂,以其营养价值可分为营养性甜味剂和非营养性甜味剂,按其化学结构和性质可分为糖类甜味剂和非糖类甜味剂。     

葡萄酒香气物质的研究方法进展

香气是葡萄酒的首要感官质量指标,同时也是评价酒质优劣的关键性指标。葡萄酒香气组成非常复杂,受很多因素的影响,但是香气物质的种类和含量对葡萄酒的风味起着决定性作用。在葡萄酒香气物质的研究方法中,仪器分析法可以准确检测和分析葡萄酒中的香气物质组成。感官分析法可以记录葡萄酒对人的主观刺激,包括感官上的感受及精神层面的愉悦。简单介绍了葡萄酒中的香气及呈香物质,重点综述了仪器分析法和感官分析法以及它们在葡萄酒香气物质研究中的应用现状,并对其局限性做出了一定的探讨,最后对国内研究中仪器分析与感官分析的联合应用做出了展望。     

天然和合成甜味剂的性能

天然和合成甜味剂的性能郭祀远，陈屏刚，蔡妙颜，李琳（华南理工大学轻工食品学院广州，５１０６４１）甜味是人类最重要的味觉之一，列“甜咸酸辣涩”五味之首。甜的物质普遍给人以享乐的愉快感受，这种连在初生婴儿都可以看到的反应被认为是天生的。现今几乎没有一个地...     

我国食品风味配料的行业现状及发展趋势

食用香味物质是化学结构明确的物质,来自化学合成或动植物,通常不直接用于消费.食用香精由食用香味物质、天然香味物质和非香味的食品成分组成,用于食品加香.食品的风味是食品功能属性的主要组成部分,是由气味和滋味组成的,带给人的嗅觉和味觉在香、味以及口感等方面的一个错综复杂的综合感受,它对食品的感官功能属性、食品的可接受消费以及人们的生活质量方面具有举足轻重的作用.食品美妙滋味的合理组合和释放不再单单局限于由食品香料和香味添加物构成的食用香精来达到,而是涉及到更多食品风味配料的合理开发和使用.     

Invited review: Sugar reduction in dairy products

Sugar overconsumption continues to increase worldwide and contributes to multiple health-related issues. Dairy foods represent a large market, grossing more than $125 billion per year worldwide. Consumer demands for healthier products are leading to a large push for sugar reduction in dairy foods. Sugar plays an important role in dairy foods, not only in flavor but also in texture, color, and viscosity. Replacing sugar can have negative effects, making substitution inherently difficult. Natural and artificial nonnutritive sweeteners exist for sugar reduction. Natural nonnutritive sweeteners are popular, particularly for label appeal, but many consumers still prefer the taste of artificial nonnutritive sweeteners. Sweet taste perception can also be affected by texture of the food matrix and the presence of fat. Other sugar reduction techniques include hydrolysis of lactose, ultrafiltration, and direct reduction. This review will address the role of sugar, alternative sweeteners, and sugar reduction in ice cream, yogurt, and flavored milk.     

非营养性高倍甜味剂的现状及发展

甜味剂是很重要的一类食品添加剂,尤其是非营养性高倍甜味剂的品种越来越多,应用越来越广.介绍了目前常用的几种人工合成的以及天然的非营养性高倍甜味剂的特性,并分析了高倍甜味剂的发展趋势.     

Sugar reduction without compromising sensory perception. An impossible dream?

ABSTRACT

Sugar reduction is a major technical challenge for the food industry to address in response to public health concerns regarding the amount of added sugars in foods. This paper reviews sweet taste perception, sensory methods to evaluate sugar reduction and the merits of different techniques available to reduce sugar content. The use of sugar substitutes (non-nutritive sweeteners, sugar alcohols, and fibres) can achieve the greatest magnitude of sugar and energy reduction, however bitter side tastes and varying temporal sweet profiles are common issues. The use of multisensory integration principles (particularly aroma) can be an effective approach to reduce sugar content, however the magnitude of sugar reduction is small. Innovation in food structure (modifying the sucrose distribution, serum release and fracture mechanics) offers a new way to reduce sugar without significant changes in food composition, however may be difficult to implement in food produced on a large scale. Gradual sugar reduction presents difficulties for food companies from a sales perspective if acceptability is compromised. Ultimately, a holistic approach where food manufacturers integrate a range of these techniques is likely to provide the best progress. However, substantial reduction of sugar in processed foods without compromising sensory properties may be an impossible dream.     

Enhancing sweetness using double emulsion technology to reduce sugar content in food formulations

In this study, water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions containing saccharose at the outer aqueous phase were formulated and characterised to investigate the potential of double emulsion to enhance the perception of sweetness. We hypothesised that double emulsions containing saccharose at the outer aqueous phase will be detected immediately by taste receptors and evaluated as sweeter than single emulsions containing the same amount of saccharose. Emulsions were prepared with three dispersed phase:continuous phase ratios. The results of the analyses suggested that the phase ratio affected the particle size and rheological behaviour of the emulsions. However, no differences were observed in lipid digestion behaviour. The sensory analysis revealed that the formulation containing double emulsion was sweeter than the formulation containing oil-in-water single emulsion by approximately 75%. Therefore, the development of food products with reduced sugar content may be possible using double emulsions with enhanced sweetness.Industrial relevanceExcessive sugar consumption is an unhealthy diet associated with an increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, diabetes, chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer, and cognitive decline. Therefore, one of the responsibilities of the food industry is to reduce the sugar content of foods. Many food companies have significantly reduced the sugar levels of many products with the policies they have carried out and continue to do so. However, products produced with industrial solutions (especially using artificial sweeteners) to reduce sugar create sensory dissatisfaction in the consumers. Also, the body reacts to artificial sweeteners differently than it does to sugar. The double emulsion technology offers the opportunity to the food industry to reduce the sugar content of foods without causing any sensory loss in food and without the need for the use of an artificial sweetener.     

The sensory properties and metabolic impact of natural and synthetic sweeteners

The global rise in obesity, type II diabetes, and other metabolic disorders in recent years has been attributed in part to the overconsumption of added sugars. Sugar reduction strategies often rely on synthetic and naturally occurring sweetening compounds to achieve their goals, with popular synthetic sweeteners including saccharin, cyclamate, acesulfame potassium, aspartame, sucralose, neotame, alitame, and advantame. Natural sweeteners can be further partitioned into nutritive, including polyols, rare sugars, honey, maple syrup, and agave, and nonnutritive, which include steviol glycosides and rebaudiosides, luo han guo (monk fruit), and thaumatin. We choose the foods we consume largely on their sensory properties, an area in which these sugar substitutes often fall short. Here, we discuss the most popular synthetic and natural sweeteners, with the goal of providing an understanding of differences in the sensory profiles of these sweeteners versus sucrose, that they are designed to replace, essential for the effectiveness of sugar reduction strategies. In addition, we break down the influence of these sweeteners on metabolism, and present results from a large survey of consumers’ opinions on these sweeteners. Consumer interest in clean label foods has driven a move toward natural sweeteners; however, neither natural nor synthetic sweeteners are metabolically inert. Identifying sugar replacements that not only closely imitate the sensory profile of sucrose but also exert advantageous effects on body weight and metabolism is critical in successfully the ultimate goals of reducing added sugar in the average consumer's diet. With so many options for sucrose replacement available, consumer opinion and cost, which vary widely with suagr replacements, will also play a vital role in which sweeteners are successful in widespread adoption.     

Different sensory aspects of a food are not remembered with equal acuity

In the present study, food memory for three sensory aspects involved in food perception, taste, texture and aroma, is compared. Participants received a lunch including a custard dessert (target) under incidental learning condition. One day later, participants were presented with samples identical to the target and with distractors varying either in sweetness, thickness or cherry aroma. Memory was assessed by an absolute recognition question (“Did you eat this sample yesterday?”) and by relative questions (“Is this sample less, equal or more sweet than the sample you ate yesterday?”). Results showed better memory performance for sweetness than for the two other sensory aspects, both in the absolute and in the relative tests. Several hypotheses to explain the differences in memory between different sensory aspects of a food are discussed.     

Texture-taste interactions: Enhancement of taste intensity by structural modifications of the food matrix

The reduction of salt and sugar in food products remains a challenge due to the importance of those ingredients in providing a highly desired taste quality, enhancing flavor, determining the behavior of structuring ingredients, and ensuring microbiological safety. Several technologies have been used to reduce salt and sugar content in foods such as replacement of sugar by sweeteners, replacement of sodium salts by blends of other salts, taste enhancement by aromas and taste boosters or gradual reduction of sugar and salt in small steps over time. In this study we present two alternative approaches to enhance taste perception. First, the use of an inhomogeneous spatial distribution of sugar in food gels is introduced as a way to enhance sweetness perception [1]. The translation of the concept of taste contrast to bread applications is discussed which allows to reduce salt content in bread by 25% without loss of saltiness intensity and without addition of taste enhancers, aromas or salt replacers [2]. Secondly, it is demonstrated how the serum release under compression of mixed polysaccharide/protein gels can be engineered to enhance sweetness perception. An increase of serum release by 5x allowed to reduce sugar content of gels by 30% while maintaining sweet taste intensity [3]. The translation of this concept to low salt sausages is discussed. Sausages were engineered to exhibit enhanced juiciness which lead to a boost of saltiness allowing for up to 40% salt reduction [4]. These approaches can be used to further optimize the development of products with reduced salt and sugar content while maintaining taste intensity.     

Parents’ and Children's Acceptance of Skim Chocolate Milks Sweetened by Monk Fruit and Stevia Leaf Extracts

Chocolate milk increases milk consumption of children, but high sugar content raises health concerns. Interest in sugar reduction and parents’ preference for natural sweeteners necessitates further research on natural nonnutritive sweeteners. However, it is important to maintain consumer acceptability, especially for children, while reducing sugar in chocolate milk. The objectives of this study were to identify the sweetness intensity perception of stevia leaf (STV) and monk fruit (MK) extracts in skim chocolate milk (SCM), to evaluate STV and MK as the sole or partial sweetener source for SCM for young adults (19 to 35 y) and children (5 to 13 y), and to determine if information on natural nonnutritive sweeteners impacted parents’ acceptability of SCM. Power function and 2‐alternative forced choice studies were used to determine the iso‐sweetness of nonnutritive sweeteners to a sucrose control in SCM (51.4 g/L, SUC control). Young adults (n = 131) evaluated 9 different SCM (SUC control, STV, MK, STV:sucrose blends, or MK:sucrose blends) in a completely randomized 2‐d test. Children (n = 167) evaluated SUC control SCM and SCM with 39.7 g/L sucrose and 46 mg/L MK (MK25) or 30 mg/L STV (STV25). Parents evaluated SUC control, MK25, and STV25 in a balanced crossover design with a 40‐d wait time between primed or unprimed ballots. Chocolate milks solely sweetened by nonnutritive sweeteners were less acceptable compared with SUC control by young adults. MK25 and STV25 were acceptable by young adults and children. The presentation of chocolate milk label information had different effects on parental acceptance. Traditional parents preferred sucrose sweetened SCM, and label conscious parents preferred SCM with natural nonnutritive sweeteners.