我国市售饮料与包装接触面积/体积比调查

目的 了解我国饮料包装材料使用情况,研究构建饮料不同类型接触材料的接触面积/体积比(S/V)参数。方法 采集市场销售的不同包装、不同类型的饮料,采用直接测量法或3D面积测量仪计算不同类型饮料的接触面积,结合不同类型饮料的规格,计算S/V。结果 共采集214种不同类型、不同食品接触材料的饮料。72.0%(154/214)的饮料主体接触材料为单一材质,28.0%(60/214)的饮料接触材料为纸(涂层)和马口铁(涂层)等复合材质。不同类型饮料的接触材料S/V的平均值为11.29 dm²/kg,范围为4.26～64.32 dm²/kg。85.0%(182/214)的饮料接触材料的S/V≥6 dm²/kg,73.4%(157/214)介于≥6～12 dm²/kg之间。结论 我国市售大部分饮料的平均S/V大于欧盟评估时采用的6 dm²/kg,利用调查研究获得的参数将会降低食品接触材料风险评估中的不确定性。     

我国市售茶叶包装接触面积/体积比调查研究

目的 了解我国茶叶包装材料的使用情况,构建不同类别茶叶不同食品接触材料的接触面积/体积比（S/V）基础数据库。方法 采集市场销售的不同包装和类型的7大类茶叶,通过直接测量法及应用3D表面积测量仪获得413份茶叶样品的接触面积,结合不同类别茶叶产品的质量、规格等数据信息,计算其S/V。结果 茶叶的接触材料均为单一材质,不同类别茶叶接触材料的S/V的平均值为93.0 dm²/kg,范围为3.5~595.6 dm²/kg。 99.8%（412/413）的茶叶接触材料S/V≥6.0 dm²/kg,87.2%（360/413）的S/V介于6.0~200.0 dm²/kg之间。结论 我国大部分市售茶叶的S/V大于欧盟评估时采用的6.0 dm²/kg,利用本次调查研究获得的参数将会降低食品接触材料风险评估中的不确定性。     

我国坚果籽类食品接触材料膳食暴露评估基础参数市场调查

目的建立我国坚果籽类食品接触材料膳食暴露评估基础参数。方法选择接触面积法对坚果籽类食品接触材料进行研究,通过调查食品接触材料的相关数据信息获得接触面积法中食品接触材料与单位质量食品的接触面积参数。结果通过调查分析114份坚果籽类食品,获取相关数据3 648个,我国坚果籽类食品接触材料主要包括铝、聚乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯和涂层6种材质,食品接触材料与单位质量或单位体积食品的接触面积(S/V)平均值为21.29 dm~2/kg,中位数为13.40 dm~2/kg,P5为1.11 dm~2/kg,P95为67.46 dm~2/kg。结论基于坚果籽类食品市场调查构建的坚果籽类食品接触材料基础参数可为我国坚果籽类食品接触材料安全性评估工作提供数据支持。     

基于接触面积的饮料酒消费量概率评估参数构建研究

目的 研究建立不同类型、不同接触材料饮料酒的基于接触面积的消费量数据库,为食品接触材料概率评估提供消费量参数和方法学支持。方法 将饮料酒食品接触面积/体积比（S/V）数据和饮料酒消费量数据作为两个独立的分布总体,采用蒙特卡洛（Monte Carlo）模拟方法分别在这两个总体中进行随机抽样并匹配对应类别相乘,得到不同接触材料饮料酒基于接触面积的消费量分布。以上过程模拟1 000次得到各统计量的抽样分布,从而量化模型的不确定性。结果 按饮料酒-材料组合分类,基于接触面积的消费量均值最高的为啤酒-玻璃,均值为5.500 dm²/d,95%CI为5.302~5.705 dm²/d。按食品接触材料分类,基于接触面积的消费量均值最高的为（铝）涂层,均值为5.213 dm²/d,95%CI为4.929~5.532 dm²/d。结论 饮料酒基于接触面积的消费量可以成为我国饮料酒食品接触材料概率评估的基础参数,可用于进行精确的膳食暴露评估。     

我国水果制品食品接触材料膳食暴露评估基础参数数据库构建研究

目的 构建我国水果制品食品接触材料膳食暴露评估基础参数数据库.方法 基于接触面积法所需膳食暴露评估基础参数,通过收集水果制品的食品接触材料主体、封口、外盖及内衬等相关数据,获得不同水果制品对应不同食品接触材料的接触面积与食品单位质量/体积参数(S/V).结果 本调查采集各类水果制品共计288份,获取相关数据7 398个...     

我国糖果巧克力及其制品食品接触材料膳食暴露评估基础参数构建调查

为构建我国糖果巧克力及其制品食品接触材料膳食暴露评估基础参数,采集市售、网售的不同包装和类型的糖果巧克力及其制品,通过直接测量及应用3D表面积测量仪获得各样品的接触面积,结合产品质量、体积等数据信息,计算其面积与体积或质量的比值(S/V);通过红外光谱法进行主要材质的定性分析和确认.结果表明,44.88％(127/28...     

不同浸泡条件对薄膜包装材料总迁移量检测结果的影响

薄膜普遍用作食品直接接触包装材料。薄膜包装材料在使用过程中要与食品直接接触较长时间。如果生产的薄膜材料所用原材料不合格,生产工艺不合理,薄膜材料中的某些化学成份就可能会很快渗透或溶入到食品中,尤其在遇到高温、高油、醋等物质可直接转移到食品中,造成食品的化学性污染^[1]。我国食品卫生法明确规定,对食品包装材料必须进行卫生检测^［2］。总迁移量是国家标准中检测食品包装材料卫生标准分析方法中的重要指标,指的是从食品接触材料及制品中迁移到与之接触的食品模拟物中的所有非挥发性物质的总量^[3]。本文以本公司使用的左旋肉碱胶薄膜包装材料不同浸泡方法与浸泡条件的总迁移量进行探讨。     

我国饮料酒接触面积/体积比数据库构建及其在风险评估中初步应用

目的了解我国饮料酒包装材料使用情况,研究构建饮料酒不同类型接触材料的面积/体积比参数。方法采集1 196份市场销售的不同包装、不同类型的饮料酒,采用直接测量法或3D面积测量仪计算不同类型饮料酒的接触面积,结合不同类型饮料酒的规格,计算接触面积/体积比。结果 97.4%(1 165/1 196)的饮料酒主体接触材料为单一材质,主要为玻璃和陶瓷,2.6%(31/1 196)的饮料酒接触材料为复合塑料和含涂层的铝罐等复合材质。不同类型饮料酒的接触面积/体积比的范围为2.84～19.67 dm~2/kg。96.7%(1 156/1 196)的饮料酒的接触面积/体积比≥6 dm~2/kg,81.9%(979/1 196)介于≥7.0～9.0 dm~2/kg之间。结论我国大部分市售饮料酒的接触面积/体积比大于欧盟评估时采用的6 dm~2/kg,利用本次调查研究获得的参数将会降低食品接触材料风险评估中的不确定性。     

荧光分光光度法测定餐巾纸中荧光增白剂特定迁移量

建立了基于荧光分光光度法对直接接触口腔的餐巾纸向蒸馏水模拟物的特定迁移量的测量方法。餐巾纸中迁移出的被分析物迁移至模拟物中,采用外标法进行定量。目标分析物在0.01～0.5 mg/L内线性关系良好（R² > 0.999）。3个加标水平（加标水平分别为25、50和100 μg）的回收率在97.9％～102.3％之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）小于8.0％, 检出限（LOD）为0.0012 mg/dm²。该方法准确、灵敏,适用于餐巾纸中荧光增白剂特定迁移量的测定。实际普查市面上10种品牌17个餐巾纸样品显示：荧光增白剂特定迁移量检出率为41.2%;荧光增白剂特定迁移量范围0～0.0061 mg/dm²。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食品接触材料中双酚S的迁移量

建立了液相色谱-串联质谱测定食品接触材料中双酚S的迁移量的分析方法。样品经水、4%乙酸、10%乙醇、20%乙醇、50%乙醇、95%乙醇水基模拟物迁移后,过滤;样品经橄榄油、玉米油等油基模拟物、异辛烷化学替代溶剂迁移后,经甲醇/水(1:1,v/v)液-液萃取,过滤后,采用液相色谱-串联质谱在多反应监测(MRM)模式下检测,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。双酚S在5.0～80 μg?kg^-1范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数(r²)大于0.9990;检出限(3S/N)为1.5 μg?kg^-1;按标准加入法进行回收试验,加标回收率在85.3%～108.0%,相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于5.0 %。     

Packaged food intake by British children aged 0 to 6 years

The European Union approach to assessing exposure to chemical migrants from plastic food-contact materials has been to assume an intake of 1 kg of food in contact with a particular material, per 60 kg person per day, which equates to 16.7 g kg^?1 body weight. A food packaging surface area–food mass ratio of 6 dm²/1 kg is assumed, equivalent to 0.1 dm² kg^?1 of body weight. Children might be at increased risk to exposure from migrants as they have higher intakes of food per kg body weight compared with adults. In addition, much of the food marketed for/to children is in small portions and therefore the food-contact material area–food mass ratio is relatively high. To determine if, and how, the European Union model might be modified to ensure specific protection against chemical migration into food marketed for children, data on 4-day food intakes of 297 children aged 0–6 years were collected including information on pack size, pack type and food-contact material area–food mass ratio. The 297 children consumed a total of 1646 kg of food and drink (including tap water), of which 978 kg (59%) was packaged with 67% of this packaged in plastics. Mean intakes of food packaged in plastic ranged from 27 g kg^?1 body weight (for the infants under 1 year) to 51 g kg^?1 body weight (for the 1–4-year-olds). This was higher than the 16.7 g kg^?1 body weight derived from the European Union convention. The mean area of packaging in contact with the food consumed daily per kg body weight were 0.65 dm² kg^?1 for the infants under 1 year, 0.81 dm² kg^?1 for the 1–4-year-olds, and 0.66 dm² kg^?1 for the 4–6-year-olds. All 297 children had intakes that exceeded 0.1 dm² of packaging per kg of body weight assumption.     

Characterization of patterns of food packaging usage in Portuguese homes

This study aimed to further refine the exposure assessment of migrants from food-contact materials by characterizing, at the household level, food packaging usage (amount and type) in Portuguese urban families. Packages from domestic use were collected from a sample of 105 consumers from 34 households over a 30-day period. Collected packages (more than 6000 items) were characterized in the laboratory and data were used to estimate: (i) global packaging usage and food intake; (ii) the consumption factors (CF) that describe the fraction of the daily diet expected to be in contact with specific packaging materials and (iii) the food-type factors (FTF) that reflect the fraction of all food contacting each material which differ in nature according to six major types: aqueous, acidic, alcoholic, milky, fatty and dry. The daily intake of packaged food and beverages consumed at home ranged from 5–50 g kg^?1 bw. Considering all materials, total package usage ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 dm² day^?1 kg^?1 bw. The ratio between package surface area in contact and the quantity of food was determined for all packaging items collected and an average value of 25 dm² kg^?1 food was recorded. Data were gathered and presented in a manner compatible with current probabilistic approaches to exposure assessment. In this way, relevant consumption patterns from this type of population can be best represented in exposure assessments and subsequent risk assessments.     

食品接触用铝和铝合金材料及制品中铝元素的迁移及风险评估

目的 研究食品接触用铝和铝合金材料及制品中的铝在不同食品模拟物及迁移条件下的迁移规律,开展来源于食品接触用铝和铝合金材料及制品的铝的风险评估,评估其膳食暴露风险,提出安全性管理建议.方法 选择4％乙酸(体积分数)、5 g/L柠檬酸和人造自来水3种食品模拟物,分别在煮沸0.5 h后室温放置24 h和煮沸2 h两种迁移试验...     

Long-term wear effects on nanosilver release from commercially available food contact materials

ABSTRACT

Potential consumer exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) from nanoenabled food contact materials (FCMs) has been a driving force for migration studies of NPs from FCMs. Although NP migration from fresh, unused FCMs was not previously observed, conditions that result in significant changes to the surface of FCMs have not been investigated for NP migration into food. Therefore, a quantitative assessment of nanoparticle release from commercially available nanosilver-enabled FCMs was performed using an abrasion protocol to simulate cleaning, cutting, scraping and other stressful use conditions. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) analysis showed a general increase in root mean square (RMS) roughness after FCM abrasion, and particle count (for particle sizes from 80 nm to 960 nm) at the surface was 4 orders of magnitude higher for the abraded FCMs. Migration was evaluated using both water and 3% (v/v, volume fraction) acetic acid as food simulants. Low concentrations of total Ag were detected in water simulants with a small portion (<10 ng dm^?2) in the form of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Median particle diameter ranged from 39 nm to 50 nm with particle number concentrations on the order of 10⁶ particles dm^{? 2}. Total Ag migration into 3% (v/v) acetic acid was significantly higher than in water; however, 3% (v/v) acetic acid was not suitable for evaluation of NP release due to dissolution of AgNPs to Ag⁺ under acidic solution chemistries.     

Effects of consumer use practices on nanosilver release from commercially available food contact materials

ABSTRACT

Migration evaluation involving nano-enabled food contact materials (FCMs) mostly focuses on potential nanoparticle release from new unused products. This may not represent consumer use practices encountered by the FCMs in their lifecycle. In order to determine if product use impacts the release of nanoparticles or other FCM components, it is necessary to perform migration evaluations under typical consumer use scenarios. A quantitative assessment of nanoparticle release from a commercially available nanosilver-enabled cutting board was performed under five conditions intended to simulate consumer use. Knife motion, washing and scratching scenarios were simulated by linear abrasion using knife blades, scrubbing pads and tungsten carbide burr attachments, respectively. Migration was evaluated using water and 3% acetic acid as food simulants. Low concentrations of silver (Ag) were detected in water simulants, a small portion (<4 ng dm^?2) in the form of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with particle number concentrations on the order of 10⁶ particles dm^?2. Median particle diameter was 40 nm. Nanoparticle release into water was observed under all five consumer use scenarios studied, however there was no correlation with the different levels of stress simulated.     

美国与中国的食品接触材料监管体系对比分析

食品接触材料及制品的质量管控和市场准入制度是该类产品质量安全基础,了解目标市场的质量管控和市场准入制度,是产品符合目标市场的前提。本文对美国食品接触材料及制品的技术法规和标准进行阐述,将美国食品接触材料及制品法规和标准与我国技术法规和标准进行对比,并阐述了我国技术食品接触材料技术法规和标准现状和问题,就如何借鉴美国法规和标准管控体系方面的经验进行阐述和分析,并对加强和完善我国食品接触材料及制品的质量管控和市场准入制度提出了建议,为我国建立与国际市场接轨的技术法规和市场准入制度提供借鉴。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定 食品包装材料中双酚S含量

本文采用甲醇对食品包装材料进行超声提取,提取液经过滤后直接进行超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱分析,从而测定食品包装材料中双酚S的含量。方法检出限为0.1 mg/kg。在0.5-20 mg/kg 范围内线性良好(相关系数为0.9993)。对空白样品进行双酚S的加标回收实验,平均回收率为89.6%-95.1%,相对标准偏差( n=6)为3.1%-7.9%,。该方法灵敏度高、抗干扰性强、重现性好,能够准确测定食品包装材料中双酚S的含量。     

Overall migration from commercial coextruded food packaging multilayer films and plastics containers into official EU food simulants

The overall migration from a wide range of commercial five-layer coextruded packaging films into aqueous food simulants (distilled water, 3% aqueous acetic acid) and alternative fatty food simulant (iso-octane) was studied. The overall migration from commercial plastics cups (PS, HIPS, and PP) used for ice-cream or yogurt packaging into distilled water and 3% aqueous acetic acid was also studied. Test conditions for packaging material/food simulant contact and method of overall migration analysis were according to the EU directives and CEN-standards. The results showed that for all tested five-layer films and plastics (PS, HIPS, and PP) cups values of overall migration into aqueous simulants (0.11-0.79 mg/dm², 2.3-15.9 mg/l) and (<0.10-0.41 mg/dm², <0.80-3.1 mg/l) were significantly lower than the upper limit (10 mg/dm²) for overall migration from plastic packaging materials and articles into food and food simulants set by the EU Directive 90/128/EEC and their revisions. The overall migration values from five-layer materials into iso-octane were significantly higher (0.94-8.23 mg/dm², 18.8-164.7 mg/l) than the above values but are still lower than the upper limit for overall migration. Global migration values of five-layer films into aqueous food simulants seems to be independent of material thickness. In contrast, overall migration into iso-octane increases with film thickness.