小型动态制冰机工作过程的结晶特性

利用所搭建的小型动态制冰装置制取冰浆,实验探讨了结晶时间、载冷剂温度、添加剂种类与浓度、刮削速度等因素对冰浆动态制备过程的影响,研究中基于热平衡方法测得结晶过程不同时刻的含冰率,对所制取的冰浆进行显微拍照,并基于图像处理获取冰晶尺寸的当量直径。实验结果表明,在动态结晶过程的测试时间内,制冰溶液的降温速率受外界条件影响较小,但添加剂种类与浓度对制冰溶液的相变结晶温度以及过冷度影响较大;制冰溶液的含冰率与冰晶尺寸均随时间的增加而增大,其中载冷剂温度、添加剂种类与浓度对溶液含冰率影响较大,而对冰晶尺寸影响最大的因素是刮削速度与添加剂浓度;当结晶过程进行到30 min时溶液的含冰率均达到25%,冰晶尺寸均能达到0.12 mm左右。     

用毛细管粘度计测定易沉降固液悬浮体的粘度

测定固液悬浮体粘度时,流体进入毛细管前应有良好的搅拌,但它将引起入口端额外的端效应.本文引入了一个惯性校正项,可以有效地解决搅拌下毛细管粘度计的标定及固液悬浮体粘度的测量问题.根据上述标定结果用毛细管粘度计对氨性溶液与镍红土矿配成的矿浆进行了粘度测定.实验表明,固体粒子体积浓度较低时,该流体近似牛顿流体,其粘度与体积浓度的关系可用Vand方程式表示,即μ/μ_0=exp(bc_V).     

水解偏钛酸粒度分布影响因素分析

以攀枝花某钛白粉厂的工业硫酸氧钛浓钛液为原料,采用外加晶种水解工艺制备水解偏钛酸,通过检测钛液水解过程中浆料透过率的变化间接检测水解过程反应速率的变化,通过分析水解过程不同时间段的偏钛酸粒度分布,确定了影响偏钛酸粒度分布的主要因素。在此基础上考察了钛液浓度、F值、铁钛比、水解晶种加量、熟化搅拌时间对偏钛酸粒度分布的影响。结果表明钛液沸腾后快速水解,再随钛液浓度降低水解速率逐渐降低,浆料粒度逐渐长大,二次沸腾20 min后,浆料的粒度分布逐渐稳定,后期保温过程对粒度分布影响不大;钛液浓度、铁钛比、F值、晶种加量和熟化期间搅拌时间均对偏钛酸粒度分布有影响,D50随着钛液浓度的增加而减小,随F值和铁钛比的增大而增加,随着晶种加量的增加而减小,随熟化期搅拌时间的延长而降低。     

高温高压下浆态鼓泡床气液传质系数的测定

采用气体动态吸收法,对高温高压下浆态鼓泡床中气液传质系数进行了测定,考察了系统压力、温度、表观气速及固含量等操作条件对传质系数的影响. 结果表明,在温度298~473 K、气体压力1.0~3.0 MPa、表观气速0.03~0.10 m/s、固含量0%~20%(w)的实验条件下,体积传质系数随着压力、温度及表观气速的增加而增大,随固含量的增加而减小. 同时对不同塔径的传质系数进行了比较,表明在相同的操作条件下,大塔的传质系数略高于小塔.     

L-丝氨酸在水溶液中的假多晶型行为

采用激光法测定了L-丝氨酸在水中的溶解度,结果表明,L-丝氨酸无水合晶体与水合晶体的晶型转变温度为309．14K,高于此温度时,无水物晶体是稳定的,低于此温度时,水合物晶体是稳定的。利用PVM和FBRM对L-丝氨酸水溶液的冷却结晶过程和晶型转变现象进行的实时监测表明,在高温区析出的是棒状无水合L-丝氨酸晶体,当冷却至晶型转变温度以下时,棒状晶体逐渐转变为六角片状的水合晶体。该转变行为主要与在低温下L-丝氨酸和水分子的氢键作用而形成水合晶体有关。     

加压水溶液法制备工艺对α型高强石膏性能的影响

采用加压水溶液法以脱硫石膏为原料制备高强石膏,其工艺参数是决定高强石膏制备品质的关键。通过研究水热温度、水热时间、搅拌转速及料浆浓度四种工艺参数对α型高强石膏性能的影响规律,对不同工艺参数下制备样品的晶体形貌和石膏相组成进行定性及定量分析,并优化出加压水溶液法制备α型高强石膏的最佳工艺。结果表明,水热温度对生成晶体的尺寸及长径比的影响较大,水热时间主要影响晶体的尺寸,对长径比的影响不大,而水热温度和水热时间是影响α型高强石膏相组成的重要因素。搅拌转速和料浆浓度主要影响高强石膏尺寸及长径比,对石膏相组成影响不大。在最佳工艺条件下:水热温度130 ℃、水热时间4 h、搅拌转速250 r/min及料浆浓度30%(质量分数),制备的α型高强石膏2 h抗折强度为5.4 MPa,烘干抗压强度为41.9 MPa。     

管输煤浆黏度测定值的影响因素

为了探索黏度测定方法、粒度级配、质量分数以及温度4个因素对管输煤浆黏度值的影响,以陕西神南矿区煤样制备浆体为样本,通过试验研究来探索上述因素对黏度测定的影响规律。试验结果表明:旋转黏度计黏度测定值比毛细管黏度计黏度测定值高约30%;黏度测定值随着Ⅳ粒度区间占比、质量分数的增加呈增加趋势,且随温度的降低而增加;管道煤浆黏度值测定的试验,均需进行黏度测定方法、粒度级配、质量分数以及温度4个影响因子的试验设计。     

四丁基溴化铵包络化合物浆在铜管内的对流传热特性

四丁基溴化铵（TBAB）包络化合物浆是在常压下由TBAB水溶液被冷却到0～12℃时生成的，是一种理想的冷量输送和蓄冷媒体，以固液两相悬浊液的形式存在。作为冷量传输媒体，由于存在相变过程，其冷量传输密度远高于相同温差下的冷水。另一方面，TBAB包络化合物浆具有良好的流动性，可以像液态水一样方便地通过泵和管道系统输送。因此，在中央空调及区域集中供冷系统中具有很好的节能应用前景。本文研究了TBAB包络化合物浆在水平铜管内的传热特性。在定热流边界条件及不同Reynolds数下测量并分析了对流换热系数。实验中发现固相粒子的扰动和表观黏性的下降都能破坏或拉薄包络化合物浆流动的动量边界层，结果导致了传热系数的提高。在不同的Reynolds数下固相含量（Φ）对Nusselt数的影响很微弱。通过与文献的比较发现，本文所测取的包络化合物浆Nusselt数均高于冰浆甚至单相水。最后获得了Nu与Re之间的实验关联式。     

Fabrication of transparent MgAl2O4 spinel via spray freeze drying of microfluidized slurry

Spherical granules were prepared from a monodispersed slurry by combining the microfluidization (MF) method and the spray freeze-drying (SFD) process. Starting with the prepared granules, transparent MgAl₂O₄ ceramics were fabricated through pressureless sintering followed by hot isostatic pressing. A comparison with a polydispersed slurry prepared by the ball-milling method showed successful fabrication of a mono-dispersed state by microfluidization method, and 80% visible in-line transmittance was obtained at a 600-nm wavelength from a process starting with a monodispersed slurry of low solid content. Microstructural analysis of the green bodies, the pre-sintered bodies, and the hot isostatic pressed bodies of the prepared MgAl₂O₄ ceramics revealed that the slurry dispersion should be controlled to a high level in order to suppress scattering sources such as pores and microcracks, which affect the in-line transmittance of visible light.     

高温高压浆态鼓泡床反应器中的气-液传质

The gas-liquid mass transfer of H2 and CO in a high temperature and high-pressure three-phase slurry bubble column reactor is studied. The gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficients kLa are obtained by measuring the dissolution rate of H2 and CO. The influences of the main operation conditions, such as temperature, pressure,superficial gas velocity and solid concentration, are studied systematically. Two empirical correlations are proposed to predict kLa values for H2 and CO in liquid paraffln/solid particles slurry bubble column reactors.     

Fabrication of porous titania sheet via tape casting: Microstructure and water permeability study

In this article, we report the effects of slurry formulation and sintering conditions on the microstructure and permeability of porous titania sheets prepared by tape casting. It was found that solid concentration and binder content in the titania slurry play a vital role in the porosity and microstructure of the sintered titania sheets. Solid concentration and binder content were optimized based on the green tape quality and open porosity of the sintered titania sheets. The optimum solid concentration with the lowest surface roughness was obtained at 0.61 g/cm³. The effects of temperature and sintering time on the open porosity and crystal structure of the final product were also investigated. Increasing the sintering temperature from 1000 to 1100 °C resulted in increasing the pore size from 170 to 264 nm and decreasing the open porosity. Finally, water permeability of the porous titania sheets was studied to evaluate the permeation flux and maximum operating pressure. The results revealed that the permeability of the porous titania sheet is increased not only by increasing the open porosity but also by increasing the pore size.     

湿法磷酸工艺对磷石膏中残磷含量的影响

通过模拟湿法磷酸工艺,研究反应温度、液相P2O5浓度、液相SO3浓度、料浆液固比对磷石膏中可溶磷和共晶磷含量的影响.理想工艺条件下制得的磷石膏中,可溶磷含量为0.32%(质量分数),共晶磷含量为0.19%(质量分数).     

温度和固相粒径与浓度对水煤浆管内流动壁面滑移的影响

通过改变管径、温度、煤粉粒度和浓度,在中试规模的输送装置上研究水煤浆直管内的滑移流动规律,联合采用Mooney滑移修正方法和Tikhonov正则化方法确定浆体壁面滑移特性。结果表明,随温度和固相粒径的增大,临界剪切应力降低,壁面滑移速度显著增加;浓度越高,临界剪切应力及产生相同滑移速度所需的壁面剪切应力越大,温度升高对临界剪切应力和屈服应力的降低越显著;低壁面剪切应力下的滑移贡献率主要取决于临界剪切应力及屈服应力的相对大小,高壁面应力下主要取决于壁面滑移速度和浆体真实流变特性。     

制盐废石膏制备硫酸钙晶须

以制盐废石膏为原料采用水热法制备硫酸钙晶须,研究了料浆浓度、反应温度、反应时间、晶型助长剂氯化镁用量以及pH值对硫酸钙晶须收率和形态的影响。结果表明,较佳反应条件为：料浆浓度为15．0％,140℃下反应8h,反应体系的pH值=3。在此条件下,收率可达54．2％,平均长径比为55。     

Novel Coagulation Method for Direct Coagulation Casting of Aqueous Alumina Slurries Prepared Using a Poly(Acrylate) Dispersant

Coagulation of concentrated aqueous alumina slurries prepared using an ammonium poly(acrylate) dispersant by MgO has been studied for direct coagulation casting (DCC). A small amount of MgO (0.2 wt% of alumina) increased the viscosity of the concentrated alumina slurry with time and finally transformed it into a stiff gel. The mechanism of coagulation is proposed such that the time-delayed in situ generation of Mg²⁺ ions from the sparingly soluble MgO forms Mg–poly(acrylate) with the unadsorbed ammonium poly(acrylate) molecules in solution that shift the poly(acrylate) adsorption equilibrium toward the left by depleting the poly(acrylate) molecules adsorbed on the alumina particle surface. This leads to insufficient dispersant coverage on the particle surface and coagulation of the slurry. DCC using MgO is possible only if the slurry is prepared at a dispersant concentration higher than that required for optimum dispersion as the slurries prepared at the optimum dispersant concentration underwent premature coagulation. The gelation time could be tailored within 20 min to a few hours by maintaining the temperature in the range of 70°–30°C. The wet coagulated bodies prepared from 50 vol% alumina slurry showed a compressive strength of nearly 0.05 MPa.     

纯水和氯化钠溶液凝固过程的实验研究

近几年国内外学者对冰浆的各种特性进行了大量研究,但大多都集中在冰浆生成器的装置设计、冰浆在管道中的流动及传热特性,很少有从冰晶颗粒在壁面生成及结晶过程的机理进行研究讨论。本文对纯水和不同浓度氯化钠溶液在不同材料表面的凝固特性进行了实验研究,搭建了多组分溶液表面凝固性能研究装置,并对装置布置测点同时可更换测试表面。实验采取不同浓度的氯化钠溶液,分别记录在粗糙度不同的铜板、铝板以及塑料板表面凝固时的温度、时间,分析不同表面粗糙度、不同材质以及氯化钠浓度对溶液成核能的影响。通过对实验数据的分析和处理分别得出开始凝固温度与粗糙度的变化关系以及凝固时间与过冷度的变化关系。实验结果表明：溶液在平板表面凝固的初始温度会随着粗糙度的增大而逐渐升高。溶液在平板表面凝固的凝固时间会随着过冷度的增大而逐渐降低。     

Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer Characteristics in a Gas-Liquid-Solid Bubble Column under Elevated Pressure and Temperature

abstract The volumetric mass transfer coefficient kLa of gases (H2, CO, CO2) and mass transfer coefficient kL on liquid par-affin side were studied using the dynamic absorption method in slurry bubble ...     

Low-temperature methanol synthesis in a circulating slurry bubble reactor

A circulating slurry bubble reactor was developed to synthesise methanol via methyl formate from the gas mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at low temperature. The strategy for designing and scaling up the bubble reactor involved a preliminary understanding of fluid dynamics in a cold model, continuous operations under industrial conditions and a parallel experiment in an autoclave. Per-pass syngas conversion was investigated during 100-h operations. The axial profile of solid catalyst concentration was measured just before the shutdown and the composition of liquid product was analysed after the shutdown. These results show that the circulating slurry bubble column will become a potential reactor for the commercial process of low-temperature methanol synthesis after the catalyst system has been improved.     

低阶煤高温高压水热处理改性及其成浆特性

褐煤、亚烟煤等低阶煤内水、氧含量大,直接制备浆体燃料,成浆浓度低、粘度大、流动性差。通过高温高压对低阶煤进行水热处理(热水反应),可以在较短时间内提升其煤阶和热值,同时改变其理化特征,进而较大程度提高其成浆浓度。结果表明,热水反应后,小龙潭褐煤最大成浆浓度可以由44.6%(原煤)提高到64.55%;印尼MIP亚烟煤最大成浆浓度则由39.71%(原煤)提高到64.61%。不同反应终温对于热水反应产物的成浆性能改善程度不同,从含氧基团化学分析以及煤水界面接触角两个方面进行了机理探讨。     

On-line determination of supersaturation of a kcl-nacl aqueous solution based on density measurement

A method is developed for the calculation of the saturation temperature of a KCI-NaCI aqueous solution, based on the measurement of the density and temperature of a sample solution, and prior knowledge of the NaCl concentration. Experimental density and solubility data for solutions saturated with KCI in the temperature range of 299 to 321 K with concentrations of NaCl greater than 0.200 kg/kg H₂O were used to develop the empirical correlation allowing the calculation of the solution saturation level. The method is applicable in the on-line determination of the level of supersaturation in a KCI crystallizer in which the NaCl concentration is known. Knowledge of the prevailing supersaturation is necessary for the control of crystal purity and crystal size distribution in industrial potash crystallizers.