粉末冶金法制备泡沫铝材研究进展

介绍了泡沫铝材的用途和应用前景，国内外的研究现状，重点阐述了采用粉末冶金法制备泡沫铝材的基本原理、工艺流程，与其它方法比较的优缺点。对粉末冶金法制备泡沫铝过程的制坯压力、发泡剂量、发泡温度、发泡时间等参数对发泡过程的影响进行了讨论，分析了泡沫铝研究的现存问题及发展趋势。     

Effects of foaming parameters on microstructure and compressive properties of aluminum foams produced by powder metallurgy method

Semi open-cell aluminum foams having channels between individual cells were produced using low cost CaCO₃ foaming agent and applying the powder compact melting process. To this end, the aluminum and CaCO₃ powder mixtures were cold compacted into dense cylindrical precursors for foaming at specific temperatures under air atmosphere. The effects of several parameters including precursor compaction pressure, foaming agent content as well as temperature and time of the foaming process on the cell microstructure, linear expansion, relative density and compressive properties were investigated. A uniform distribution of cells with sizes less than 100 μm, which form semi open-cell structures with relative densities in the range of 55.4%–84.4%, was obtained. The elevation of compaction pressure between 127–318 MPa and blowing agent up to 15% (mass fraction) led to an increase in the linear expansion, compressive strength and densification strain. By varying the foaming temperature from 800 to 1000 °C, all of the investigated parameters increased except compressive strength and relative density. The results indicated the optimal foaming temperature and time as 900 °C and 10–25 min, respectively.     

以TiH_2为发泡剂制备泡沫铝的研究现状

探讨了发泡剂发泡法、粉末冶金发泡法、累积叠轧焊法中以TiH2为发泡剂制备泡沫铝的研究进展.在发泡剂发泡法中,对TiH2发泡剂高温下分解过快问题采取了热处理、化学改性、包覆等方法以减缓其释气速率,使泡沫铝生产易于控制;在粉末冶金发泡法、累积叠轧焊法制备泡沫铝夹心板的过程中,后者更有利于TiH2发泡剂的均匀分布.     

闭孔泡沫铝的电磁屏蔽性能

采用粉末冶金发泡法制备闭孔泡沫铝,通过调整发泡剂含量、发泡温度、粘度、保温时间等手段,制得孔隙率可调、孔洞分布均匀的闭孔泡沫铝样品,并测试了不同孔隙率、孔径泡沫铝样品的电磁屏蔽性能.结果表明:在100～1000MHz内,泡沫铝的电磁屏蔽性能在60～90dB之间,且随着孔隙率、孔径的增加,泡沫铝的电磁屏蔽性能下降.     

氢化锆熔体发泡法制备小孔径泡沫铝

以ZrH_2为发泡剂,采用熔体发泡法制备铝基小孔径泡沫铝,分析其制备过程及影响孔结构的因素;优化实验室制备泡沫铝的工艺条件;借助图形分析方法表征泡沫铝的孔径分布,并与TiH_2制备的泡沫铝进行了对比;采用改进座滴装置研究铝合金与氢化物的润湿行为.结果表明:ZrH_2较适合制备小孔径泡沫铝;优化工艺条件为:Al 650 g,增粘剂Ca 的加入量2.5%,发泡剂ZrH_2的加入量1.0%,发泡温度680 ℃,搅拌时间1.5 min,保温时间2.5 min;制备的泡沫铝孔径均匀,平均孔径小于1.5 mm;ZrH_2在铝合金中的润湿特点是导致泡沫铝孔径较小的主要原因.     

泡沫铝夹芯板粉末冶金发泡机理的SR-CT研究

利用同步辐射装置的SR-CT,通过图像的断层扫描及3D重建,对轧制复合-粉末冶金发泡工艺制备的泡沫铝夹芯板(AFS)进行了泡孔结构演化的研究,分析了发泡过程中孔隙率的变化及大尺寸连通孔的形成原因。研究结果表明:具有微米级空间分辨率的SR-CT可清晰地观测到泡孔萌生及生长各阶段的泡沫结构。泡孔在发泡15~30 s阶段生成,形状为垂直于轧制方向的类裂纹孔。发泡45 s时,泡孔开始发生明显合并,继续延长发泡时间易导致形成大尺寸连通孔。芯层泡沫铝的孔隙率在泡孔的萌生阶段及合并阶段增长幅度较大,减少混料时发泡剂的"团聚"及提高芯层粉末致密度可获得良好的芯层泡沫结构。     

泡沫铝三明治结构粉末冶金法制备工艺及泡孔结构优化

粉末冶金法可实现泡沫铝三明治结构面板/芯层的冶金结合,并在制备近终型泡沫铝异型件上优势突出。基于国内研究现状,本文完善了粉末冶金法制备工艺,并优化了泡孔结构。研究发现,芯层采用AlMg4Si8铝合金成分组成,钢质面板经边缘焊接密封处理后,当芯层粉末松装密度为1.12 g/cm_³时,在1500 kN轧制压力、0.06 m/s轧制速度及55％轧制压下率下,对灌满芯层粉末的包覆面板进行450 °C热轧,获得了面板/芯层冶金结合、致密度高的发泡前驱体。另外,当发泡剂TiH₂被低熔点Sn包覆预处理后,在发泡初期分解出的H₂被液态Sn包裹,避免了在固态基体空隙间的扩散,减少了裂纹的产生,发泡前驱体在720 °C发泡300 s后可获得泡孔结构相对均匀、72.7%孔隙率的泡沫铝三明治结构。     

Effect of the Content of Reinforcing Component and Expanding Agent on the Process of Foaming and the Structure of the Pore Space of Cellular Composites Based on Aluminum Alloy

The effect of the SiC reinforcing component (5 – 15%) and the TiH₂ expanding agent (1 – 4%) on the structure of the pore space of sheets from aluminum alloy 01204 (the Al – Mg – Si system) fabricated by the method of powder metallurgy is studied. The volume fraction of pores and their specific surface in the process of heating (foaming) of the sheets are evaluated.     

Alternative starting materials for the production of aluminum foam by the powder metallurgical process

In the past it has already been proven that aluminum foam is a construction material appropriate for numerous applications. Especially in domains such as machine tool manufacturing and vehicle construction the combination of lightweight design and vibration damping is of great importance and aluminum foam can unfold its full potential. The widespread use of aluminum foam is still hampered by the high production costs resulting from the expensive production process and starting materials. The present work focuses on studies of alternative, cheaper starting materials. The results of current investigations follow the idea that aluminum chips may be successfully used as base material instead of atomized powders, without negatively influencing the macroscopic foam structure. It could also be proven that good foaming rates can be achieved with calcium carbonate as foaming agent for aluminum. That's why already in the near future, it will be possible to use recycling materials like aluminum chips in the series production of aluminum foams by the powder metallurgical process (PM process). Since sorted aluminum chips cost less than 1 €/kg, and calcium carbonate costs only a fraction of titanium hydride, a distinct price reduction for aluminum foam, and the lowering of the inhibition threshold for its application should be possible. Further studies are required to examine the static and dynamic properties of the foams and to compare them with conventional aluminum foams.     

泡沫铝发泡初期孔隙及气泡的形成与扩展

通过采用粉体致密化浸入式快速加热新工艺制备泡沫铝技术，研究了泡沫铝发泡早期气泡形成特征、早期气泡孔径结构特点及动态变化规律。结果表明：泡沫铝发泡历经以微膨胀、显著膨胀和塌陷收缩为特征的3个主要阶段；在发泡初期，微膨胀形成的机制主要是TiH2分解的H2，并受其受力状态所决定的，由此形成的裂纹式孔隙主要在固态，扩展方向呈横向特征。预制块的显著膨胀主要是由于TiH2的持续分解使裂纹式孔隙扩展长大的结果。由于新工艺加热升温迅速，发泡时间由一般的10min缩短为30—150s，使预制块固液态转换时间大大缩短，有效地提高了均匀发泡的动力学条件，同时还提高了TiH2的利用率。     

以ZrH_2为发泡剂的泡沫铝制备和表征

使用氢化锆为发泡剂,通过熔体发泡法制备泡沫铝并研究其影响因素。制备工艺为：添加0.6%-1.4%的发泡剂,1.5%-3.0%Ca（质量分数）作为增粘剂,发泡温度933-1013K,搅拌时间为0.5-2.5min和保温时间为1.5-4.0min。利用XRD和SEM对泡沫铝样品进行表征,测试其力学性能。结果表明,在合适的工艺参数下能制备出孔径均匀的泡沫铝,采用氢化锆为发泡剂可以制备出平均孔径为1mm左右的泡沫铝。金属间化合物和Al2O3的存在影响熔体的粘度。泡沫铝的力学性能经历线弹性区、平台区和致密化区并表现出较高的能量吸收效率。     

泡沫铝两步法制备工艺用新型发泡剂的热分解行为

研究一种适于两步法制备泡沫铝工艺用新型发泡剂的热分解行为,分析其分解过程中的动力学与热力学特征,以及发泡气体与熔体之间可能存在的反应。研究表明:该新型发泡剂具有分解温度范围宽、分解过程缓慢的特点;其在熔体中的发泡过程主要受化学反应控制;新型发泡剂所释放的氧化性气体与熔体发生反应,在气泡表面所形成的连续氧化膜,对稳定气泡形貌、减缓气泡的合并和长大有重要作用;该新型发泡剂在两步发泡法制备泡沫铝过程中表现出前期损耗率低、后期发泡效率高的优异性能。     

粉末冶金法制备泡沫铝时增粘过程的基础研究

在研究粉末冶金法制备泡沫铝过程中,在铝硅合金粉末中加钙增粘,提高了泡沫铝熔体的稳定性与孔结构的均匀性.论述了加钙增粘的机理及不同加钙量对泡沫铝孔隙率、孔结构的影响.经对发泡过程的动态观测,证明熔体粘度对泡沫体稳定性的影响是至关重要的.试验结果表明:在采取严格的气体保护措施条件下,加钙量在2%～2.5%时,可获得较低密度且孔径均匀的泡沫铝材料.     

以CaCO3为发泡剂制备泡沫ZL104过程中工艺参数的探讨

以CaCO3粉末和SiC颗粒分别作为发泡剂和稳定剂,采用液态法制备了泡沫ZL104,确定了发泡温度,并分析了制备过程中CaCO3加入量和保温时间对泡沫ZL104孔径和孔隙率的影响规律。结果发现:泡沫ZL104的发泡温度应选为700℃;CaCO3加入量的增加会导致泡沫ZL104的孔隙率呈非线性增大,加入量超过2%(质量分数)时,对孔隙率的影响不显著,故CaCO3的加入量应该控制在2%以内;保温时间在2~8min以内时不会发生气泡合并和破裂。     

泡沫铝的制备方法及应用进展

概述了泡沫铝的各种制备方法研究进展。根据制备过程中铝的状态可以将制备方法分为三类：固相法、液相法、电沉积法。液态铝能够通过直接注入气体、加入发泡剂或生成过饱和固一气共晶体的方法制得泡沫铝,间接方法包括熔模铸造法和渗流铸造法。如果往铝粉末压块中加入发泡剂,通过加热使发泡剂分解同样能得到泡沫铝。类似的方法还包括粉浆烧结法、散粉烧结法等。最后描述了泡沫铝的结构和优良性能,并对泡沫铝在各领域的应用进行了概括和展望。     

Fabrication of aluminium foams from powder by hot extrusion and foaming

In order to produce aluminium foams for light-weight and energy absorbing structures of automobiles, a method for fabricating aluminium foam from powder mixed with a foaming agent by using a mould is proposed. The method consists of four sequential processes: powder compacting, extruding, foaming and moulding. In the experiment for fabricating aluminium foam from powder, the conditions of powder extrusion and foaming by the heated die are determined from the density of the aluminium foams made without a mould. The experimental results show that the relative density of the aluminium foam made under appropriate conditions is 0.22. In moulding of aluminium foam, a stainless steel pipe is used as a mould and the cylindrical aluminium foam is produced by filling into the pipe mould. The distribution of relative density within the aluminium foam bar is in a range of 0.2–0.3 by rapid cooling of the pipe. To examine the ratio of deformation energy to weight of the pipe including the aluminium foam, a compression test using a press is carried out. The deformation energy of the pipe can be increased with aluminium foam filled by the proposed method.     

Development of Iron-based Closed-Cell Foams by Powder Forging and Rolling

In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to develop in situ sandwich Fe-based foams using powder forging and rolling. Several metal carbonates are first studied by thermo gravimetric analysis to find out their suitability to be used as foaming agent for iron-based foams. Barium carbonate is found to be the most promising foaming agent among other suitable options studied such as SrCO₃, CaCO₃, MgCO₃, etc. The effects of process parameters such as precursor composition, sintering temperature, foaming temperature and time, and content of foaming agent have been studied. The microstructural characteristics of the sintered precursor have been studied by means of optical and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that a good pore structure can be obtained using 2-3% C in Fe and 3% BaCO₃ as foaming agent and by foaming at around 1350 °C for 3-6 min.     

Comparison Through Image Analysis Between Al Foams Produced Using Two Different Methods

Several methods are available for making metal foams. They allow to tailor their mechanical, thermal, acoustic, and electrical properties for specific applications by varying the relative density as well as the cell size and morphology. Foams have a very heterogeneous structure so that their properties may show a large scatter. In this paper, an aluminum foam produced by means of foaming of powder compacts and another one prepared via the infiltration process were analyzed and compared. Image analysis has been used as a useful tool to determine size, morphology, and distribution of cells in both foams and to correlate cell morphology with the considered manufacturing process. The results highlighted that cell size and morphology are strictly dependent upon the manufacturing method. This paper shows how some standard 2D morphological indicators may be usefully adopted to characterize foams whose structure derives from the specific manufacturing process.     

SiCP增强泡沫铝基复合材料的制备工艺研究

将SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的制备技术与泡沫铝熔体发泡技术相结合,探索了制备SiC颗粒增强泡沫铝基复合材料的工艺方法。讨论了SiC颗粒与铝基体之间存在的润湿性,界面反应以及SiC颗粒在熔体中沉降等问题,通过选择合适的合金成分,对SiC颗粒进行预处理,采用特定的搅拌和发泡等一系列工艺方案成功地予以解决。在熔体发泡过程中,通过严格控制发泡温度、搅拌速度和搅拌时间等工艺参数,制得了孔隙率基本可调,SiC颗粒和孔洞分布均匀的泡沫铝样品。     

片状铝粉的SiO2包覆着色研究

本文采用两种方法对片状铝粉进行着色,一种方法是采用正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）的溶胶凝胶在铝粉表面包覆一层Si O2的过程中,使颜料共沉积在包覆膜层中,从而使铝粉着色;另一种方法是先将颜料沉积在铝粉表面,再用溶胶凝胶包覆Si O2的方法得到着色铝粉。采用TEM、EDS、及XRD等手段对着色后的铝粉进行分析,考察TEOS用量对包覆情况的影响,并比较两种方法得到的着色铝粉的特点。结果表明：第二种方法着色所需TEOS用量少于第一种方法,两种方法得到的着色铝粉表面均较粗糙。