沙门氏菌PCR检测方法的建立及其在蔬菜检测中的应用

为了对蔬菜中沙门氏菌进行快速检测,本论文建立了一种检测沙门氏菌的PCR方法。根据沙门氏菌特异基因设计4对引物进行PCR扩增,并通过检测不同浓度沙门氏菌菌悬液的PCR产物、测定OD600nm值与平板菌落数的对应线性关系确定沙门氏菌的检出限。结果筛选出invA基因为稳定的沙门氏菌特异性基因,此PCR技术对沙门氏菌的检出限为1550cfu/mL,对香菜的检出限为63cfu/g。通过此方法检测大连开发区180份市售蔬菜样品,6份检出沙门氏菌,检出率为3.33%,实验结果表明本文建立的沙门氏菌PCR检测方法可用于检测蔬菜中沙门氏菌的污染状况。     

PCR检测沙门氏菌invA基因的灵敏度

沙门氏菌是一种重要的肠道致病菌,其invA基因编码吸附和侵袭上皮细胞表面蛋白,应用PCR扩增invA基因检测致病性沙门氏菌,并测定其PCR检测灵敏度。结果显示,扩增出的284bp大小的序列为目的条带,实验可检出的最小灵敏度为11.542pg。     

多重PCR快速检测三种食品病原菌

建立一种快速、经济、实用的可以同步检测食品中金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的多重聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)的方法。根据金黄色葡萄球菌的nuc基因,沙门氏菌的invA基因,小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的ail基因,分别设计了三对引物,对单个基因PCR和单管多重PCR扩增进行特异性、灵敏性实验以及优化反应体系。三对引物能特异性扩增出236、475、127bp的目的条带。建立的多重PCR同时对3种食源性致病菌进行检测具有较高的灵敏度,灵敏度金黄色葡萄球菌为102CFU/mL、沙门氏菌为102CFU/mL、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌为102CFU/mL。初步建立能同步、简便、快速、灵敏地检测食品中金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的三重PCR方法。     

食品中沙门菌PCR检测方法的建立

为建立食品中快速检测沙门菌的PCR方法。选取沙门菌属侵袭性抗原保守基因invA基因上的靶序列设计一对引物,选择最适Mg 浓度和退火温度,建立最适PCR反应体系,用2%琼脂糖,5μl反应产物(包括EB),100V,40min进行电泳,显像。用该引物对已经传统方法鉴定的22种77株沙门菌和24种24株非沙门菌进行特异性检测,并对人工污染的食品进行检测条件的研究。Mg 浓度和退火温度对该反应体系的影响较小,稳定性较好;经传统方法鉴定的22种77株沙门菌和24种24株非沙门菌验证了该检验方法具有很好的特异性;该检测方法可以在19h内检出含有沙门菌102CFUg的食品(火腿肠、鸡蛋、散装肉馅)。与传统方法比较,该方法快速、敏感、特异,能在较短的时间内对大量样品同时进行检测,适用于食品中沙门菌的快速、敏感、特异检测。     

三重荧光PCR检测沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7

目的 建立一种检验沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7的Taqman探针三重荧光PCR方法。方法 针对沙门氏菌属特异性invA基因、金黄色葡萄球菌rpoB基因、大肠埃希氏菌O157：H7 的rfbE基因设计引物与探针,建立三重荧光PCR体系,对引物与探针浓度及退火温度优化,并进行特异性和敏感性研究。结果 引物与探针的最优浓度组合为：invA 0.2μL、ropB 0.4μL、rfbE 0.5μL;最优退火温度为60℃。16株非目标菌株扩增结果为阴性;目标菌株均出现显著扩增。敏感性试验显示,三种微生物对应的能检出的最低菌体数量依次为：460CFU、76CFU、660CFU。结论 该方法特异性好、灵敏度高,能够快速检测沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7     

多重LAMP—熔解曲线法检测食品中两种食源性致病菌

针对沙门氏菌的侵袭蛋白基因(inv A)和金黄色葡萄球菌的耐热核酸酶基因(nuc)设计LAMP引物,优化反应条件,并分别对反应产物进行熔解曲线分析,判断扩增结果,从而建立食品中沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌多重LAMP—熔解曲线检测方法。对9株目标菌和23株非目标菌的检测未出现假阳性和假阴性结果,并可通过熔解曲线的熔解温度分析确定所含目标菌;对产物的测序分析表明所得序列与目的基因序列吻合;对目标菌的检测灵敏度均可达到10 fg/μL;对232份样品的检测结果显示,其中2份生猪肉中检出金黄色葡萄球菌。该方法具有良好的检测特异性,并可为食源性致病菌的快速检测提供一种重要技术手段。     

添加扩增内标的单增李斯特菌PCR检测方法的建立与应用

以单增李斯特菌inl A基因为靶基因,设计一对特异性引物,以16S rRNA为扩增内标对照,建立了一种含有扩增内标的单增李斯特菌PCR检测方法。优化了PCR反应体系,并对PCR检测方法的特异性、灵敏度、人工污染样品及食品样品检测效果进行了测试。对2株单增李斯特菌、1株英诺克李斯特菌以及19株非李斯特菌菌株进行PCR检测,结果显示,只有2株单增李斯特菌能被检出大小为826 bp的特异性片段,其余20株细菌只能检出1 500 bp的扩增内标片段。灵敏度实验结果显示,基因组DNA和纯培养物的最低检出限分别为1.80×10~2fg/μL和1.21×10~2CFU/m L。当人工污染牛乳样品中单增李斯特菌在最低接种量为0.48 CFU/m L时,经8 h增菌培养后可被该方法检出。采用该研究建立的检测方法对36种食品样品进行检测,证实了该检测方法可以指示检测过程中出现的假阴性现象。综上所述,该研究建立的PCR检测方法能特异性的检测单增李斯特菌,并可有效排除检测过程中出现的假阴性现象,提高检测的准确性。     

蛋制品中沙门氏菌的PCR及实时荧光PCR检测方法

研究针对蛋制品中沙门氏菌的检测开发了一种快速灵敏的PCR检测方法。研究方法采用煮沸法提取样品DNA,运用PCR方法筛查样品中的沙门氏菌基因成分。根据沙门氏菌基因组中的保守序列设计特异性引物与探针,PCR扩增结果表明,阳性样品扩增获得的序列与Genebank中沙门氏菌的基因序列完全匹配。采用实时PCR检测方法可检出浓度低至1.57×10-5μg.μL-1的沙门氏菌DNA,检测时间少于24 h,对比常规的微生物培养方法,该方法显著地提高了检测速度。研究方法具有特异性强、灵敏度高等优点,可以广泛应用于蛋制品及相关食品中沙门氏菌的高通量筛查检测。     

食品中弓形菌16S rRNA特异性扩增检测方法的建立

针对弓形菌16SrRNA基因合成1对引物,通过对聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增条件的优化,建立了检测弓形菌的PCR方法。3株弓形菌标准菌株PCR产物测序结果与NCBI上公布的弓形菌16S rRNA基因序列进行比对,比对结果表明3株弓形菌测序结果与NCBI上公布的弓形菌16S rRNA基因序列同源性均在99%以上。3株弓形菌标准菌株均特异性地扩增出了长度为1202bp的片段,其他19株不同种类的菌株均无扩增产物出现。55份食品样品用Johnson-Murano肉汤增菌后用此法进行检测,其中6份样品为弓形菌阳性,阳性率为10.9%。上述实验结果表明,方法特异性强、操作简便,节省了检测时间,可用于食品中弓形菌的快速检测。     

添加扩增内标的PCR方法快速检测食品中的沙门氏菌

为了建立一种含扩增内标的沙门氏菌PCR检测方法,以细菌16S r RNA为扩增内标对照,以沙门氏菌inv A基因为靶基因设计了一对引物,并优化了PCR反应体系。通过对20种细菌进行PCR检测显示,该方法对沙门氏菌具有良好的特异性。灵敏度实验表明,该检测方法对沙门氏菌纯DNA模板的检测灵敏度为61.1 fg/μL,对沙门氏菌纯培养物的检测灵敏度为2×102 cfu/m L。对人工污染蛋清的检测实验显示,沙门氏菌接种量为2 cfu/25 m L的鸡蛋清样品经过8 h增菌培养后,可被该方法检出。结果表明,该检测方法特异性强、灵敏度高,能排除沙门氏菌PCR检测方法中可能出现的假阴性现象,适用于鸡蛋等食品中沙门氏菌的快速检测。     

IMS USING IN-HOUSE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY-COATED MAGNETIC BEADS ASSOCIATED TO PCR ASSAY FOR DETECTION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN RAW MEATS

An immunomagnetic separation (IMS) technique and a PCR assay were developed for use in detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in meat samples. To prevent false-negative results, an internal amplification control was developed. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific for an omp gene sequence of Salmonella spp has shown 100% sensitivity and specificity and a detection limit of 10⁴ cfu/mL. The IMS-PCR methods using PCR immediately after IMS and using 6 h postenrichment in brain heart infusion between IMS and PCR resulted in detection limits of 10³ cfu/mL and 1–10 cfu/mL, respectively. The lowest level of S. Typhimurium that could be detected by the IMS-PCR method in the presence of natural microbiota from inoculated meat samples was 1–10 cfu/25 g. When samples were analyzed using enrichment protocols without IMS, several false-negative results were obtained.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The immunomagnetic separation-polymerase chain reaction (IMS-PCR) method developed enabled a rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in inoculated meat samples. Monoclonal antibody (Mab)-coated magnetic beads prepared in-house were efficient in concentrating and separating the bacteria from the food matrix, thus improving detection limit and avoiding false-negatives. The internal amplification control (IAC), now mandatory in PCR assays, using the same primers of the target DNA further prevented false-negative results. Therefore, the IMS-PCR method developed in this study could be used in the future by the Brazilian food industry as a substitute for the expensive imported kits for Salmonella detection in foods. We are now developing a panel of Mabs against conserved antigens of Salmonella for use in the IMS-PCR method in order to extend its applicability for detection of other serovars.     

Primers specific for the fimbrial major subunit gene stdA can be used to detect Salmonella enterica serovars

The feasibility of using two primers internal to the stdA gene (which encodes the fimbrial major subunit of the std fimbrial gene cluster in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi) to detect Salmonella by PCR was explored. The 518-bp stdA specific sequence was conserved among 268 strains from 45 serovars of S. enterica. One Salmonella bongori CCUG 30042 strain and 34 non-Salmonella strains did not possess this sequence. A sensitivity test revealed that the stdA-specific primer set detected 3.4 x 10(-1) pg of genomic DNA and 3.0 x 10(5) CFU/ml with serial dilutions of Salmonella Typhimurium cells. In vitro testing for specificity using pig carcass sponge samples contaminated with Salmonella Typhimurium also was performed. An initial Salmonella Typhimurium inoculum of 4.4 x 10(1) CFU/ml in pig carcass exudates reached the stdA primer detection level after preenrichment in buffered peptone water at 37 degrees C for 18 h in the presence of indigenous non-Salmonella flora at 4.0 X 10(7) CFU/ml, but the detection level decreased to 4.4 x 10(0) CFU/ml after selective enrichment in Rappaport-Vassiliadis R10 broth for 18 h at 42 degrees C. The PCR method with primers specific for stdA is a quick and sensitive tool for detecting S. enterica, which is an important cause of foodborne disease.     

An improved PCR primer pair based on 16S rDNA for the specific detection of Salmonella serovars in food samples

Salmonella serovars are some of the major bacterial pathogens that can cause sporadic cases and outbreaks of foodborne illness. Based on the sequence data in the V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene, two PCR primer pairs have been designed for the detection of all serovars of Salmonella. However, none of these primers were specific for Salmonella because complete sequence homology with certain non-Salmonella strains has been found within each of them. Thus, the specificities of these two primer pairs could not rely on only one of the two primers. In this study, we modified our previous 16SFI primer by extending one base at the 5' end and three bases at the 3' end. The modified primer, 16S-Sal, was designed with one or more mismatched bases near the 3' end of the primer annealing to the corresponding sequences of non-Salmonella strains. Such modification eliminates interference from Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter cloacae as occurs with the 16SFI primer. When 16S-Sal and a degenerate primer, 16S-CCR, were used as a primer pair, detection specificity of Salmonella serovars was achieved. Because this primer pair was used for PCR detection of the salmonellae in food samples, such as whole milk and chicken meat, as low as 1 to 9 CFU/g (ml) of the food sample could be detected when a 8-h preculture step was performed prior to the PCR. For chicken meat, the endogenous microflora did not interfere with the PCR results.     

沙门菌属特异性检测靶点碱基差异位点的识别及其血清型决定力

以美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)已公布的28株沙门菌(14个血清型)全基因组序列为研究对象,对前期研究获得的7个沙门菌属特异性检测靶点在不同血清型间的单核苷酸多态性进行比较分析,结果表明,S9和S69为碱基差异位点最多的两个靶点,具有沙门菌分子血清分型的潜在能力。随后,通过分析S9和S69在沙门菌不同血清型菌株中的差异位点,分别绘制两个血清分型靶点的差异位点表,从而获得了这两个靶点同时用于14个沙门菌血清型的快速分子血清分型的差异位点组合。在这些组合中,同一血清型具有相同的差异位点,不同血清型可以通过差异位点得以区分。最后,采集食品样品192份,用国标方法获得疑似沙门菌21株;利用血清分子分型靶点S9和S69进行快速分型,并同时用传统玻片凝集反应鉴定方法进行验证,两种方法鉴定结果的符合率为100%。鉴定结果为:21株沙门菌共包括4个不同血清型,其中肠炎沙门菌10株、鼠伤寒沙门菌7株、鸡沙门菌2株、纽波特沙门菌2株。基因组序列分析结果和分离株分型结果均表明,沙门菌特异分子检测靶点S9和S69相结合具备沙门菌的分子血清分型能力,以差异位点表为基础建立的血清分型方法有望替代传统的玻片凝集血清分型这一繁杂步骤,从而降低沙门菌血清鉴定的时间与成本,为聚合酶链式反应技术应用于沙门菌分子血清分型提供新思路。     

A multiplex ligation detection assay for the characterization of Salmonella enterica strains

A proof of principle of a multi-target assay for genotyping Salmonella has been developed targeting 62 genomic marker sequences of Salmonella related to pathogenicity. The assay is based on multiplex ligation detection reaction (LDR) followed by customized ArrayTube? microarray detection. The feasibility of the developed assay was verified in a method comparison study with conventional PCR using 16 Salmonella 'test' strains comprising eight serovars. Subsequently, the feasibility of the LDR microarray assay was also tested by analyzing 41 strains belonging to 23 serovars. With the exception of four serovars each serovar was characterized by a unique virulence associated gene repertoire. The LDR microarray platform proved to be a convenient, rapid and easy to use tool with potential in tracing a Salmonella contamination in the food chain, for outbreak studies, and to provide data for risk assessors that support bio-traceability models.     

Development of PCR primers for the detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis based on the fliC gene

Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis may cause swine salmonellosis and human infection. Because the conventional method for detection of this Salmonella serovar may take 3 to 5 days, a PCR method for detection was evaluated. By comparing the sequence of the phase 1 flagellin (fliC) gene of Salmonella Choleraesuis with that of other Salmonella serovars and of other bacteria species available in GenBank, two PCR primers (flinC-F and flinC-R) were designed. Using these primers, all 97 Salmonella Choleraesuis strains assayed generated the expected PCR product, with a molecular mass of 963 bp. Except for S. enterica Paratyphi C, Salmonella isolates other than Salmonella Choleraesuis and non-Salmonella isolates, including strains of Enterobacteriaceae, all generated negative PCR results. Salmonella Paratyphi C could be differentiated from Salmonella Choleraesuis through the use of primers designed from the viaB gene. When Salmonella Choleraesuis isolates from swine stool, pork, liver, feed, and human whole blood samples were assayed with a preenrichment step, as low as 1 CFU/g or ml of the original sample could be detected.     

Evaluation of TaqMan PCR assay for detecting Salmonella in raw meat and shrimp.

We evaluated the TaqMan Salmonella amplification/detection kit from PE Applied Biosystems, which uses a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for rapid detection of Salmonella in food samples. This system uses the 5' nuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase, which digests an internal fluorogenic probe to monitor the amplification of the target gene. The system's sensitivity and specificity were evaluated using 42 serotypes of 68 Salmonella strains isolated from fecal samples from patients in Tokyo, Japan, and 39 non-Salmonella strains in 22 genera. There were no false-negative or false-positive results. This PCR assay can detect 3 CFU per PCR tube of Salmonella in pure culture (120 CFU/ml of TSB culture). PCR signals were attenuated with artificially contaminated shrimp, but a similar detection limit was obtained. TaqMan's performance was tested with 100 meat and chicken samples purchased from stores in Tokyo. Overall, two of the DNA extraction protocols (the Chelex and EnviroAmp methods) worked equally well, with some exceptions. Of the 100 samples analyzed, 10 were positive for Salmonella with both conventional culture methods and the kit and 89 were negative with both. One sample was negative by the culture method but positive by the kit assay. These results indicate that TaqMan is a reliable and rapid method for Salmonella analysis in the food industry. With this system, food samples can be analyzed for Salmonella in less than 20 h.     

Development and use of polymerase chain reaction for the specific detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in stool and food samples.

Salmonella Typhimurium is one of the most important Salmonella serovars that may cause foodborne disease and human salmonellosis infection. Detection of this organism in the clinical samples of persons with gastroenteritis and the food samples associated with such persons may allow us to trace the cause of disease. Because malic acid dehydrogenase, an enzyme of the citric acid cycle, is common to organisms, the gene (mdh) coding for this enzyme was selected for the design of Salmonella Typhimurium-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. By comparison of the mdh gene sequences of Salmonella Typhimurium and other Salmonella serotypes and of some isolates of other genera, two oligonucleotides were designed and used as PCR primers for the specific detection of Salmonella Typhimurium. The molecular weight of the PCR product was 261 bp as expected. Salmonella serovars other than Salmonella Typhimurium and isolates of other genera in the Enterobacteriaceae that is closely related to Salmonella did not generate any false-positive results. When this primer pair was used for the detection of Salmonella Typhimurium cells artificially inoculated into human stool specimens and food samples, such as milk and raw chicken meat, levels as low as 10(0) CFU per 0.1 g of stool specimen or per ml of milk or food homogenate could be detected if an 8- to 12-h preculture step using combined lactose-tetrathionate broth was performed prior to the PCR.     

Construction and evaluation of a microbiological positive process internal control for PCR-based examination of food samples for Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica

PCR assays for food-borne pathogens are widely available but have had more limited application to food testing compared with their use in clinical laboratories. When testing food samples, false negative PCR results can occur and may be due to interference with target-cell lysis necessary for nucleic acid extraction, nucleic acid degradation and/or direct inhibition of the PCR. Therefore, it is essential to include appropriate controls for the application of PCR to the detection of pathogens in food samples. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a novel internal control (IC), capable of monitoring the complete detection procedure, from DNA extraction through to amplification and detection. A 'positive process' IC was developed for the reliable application of real-time PCR assays for the detection of Salmonella enterica or Listeria monocytogenes in enrichment broths. Two novel real-time 5' nuclease PCR assays for the detection of a 77 bp fragment of the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene and a 91 bp fragment of the iroB gene of S. enterica were developed. These assays were specific and had detection limits of 5+/-0.88 and 15+/-1.03 CFU per PCR for the gfp and iroB genes respectively. The gfp PCR assay was combined with the iroB PCR assay, and also with a previously published real-time 5' nuclease PCR assay for the detection of the hlyA gene of L. monocytogenes. Duplexed assays were optimised such that the target genes were simultaneously amplified at similar sensitivities to single reactions. The gfp gene was cloned into the chromosome of a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli and the modified strain successfully encapsulated in LENTICULE discs. A single disc was added to 1 ml of standard enrichment broths immediately prior to DNA extraction, and used as an IC for the detection of L. monocytogenes and S. enterica by PCR. This method was evaluated using 393 naturally contaminated food or environmental samples, 267 for the detection of Salmonella spp. and 126 for Listeria spp. PCR inhibition was detected in 29 (8%) extracts, although neither pathogens were detected in these broths by culture. S. enterica was detected by PCR in 43 of 45 (96%) broths that were positive by conventional culture. The iroB gene was also detected in a further 2 broths by PCR alone. L. monocytogenes was detected in 6 broths by both PCR and conventional culture, plus an additional 7 by PCR only. Control strategies such as those described here are important tools for the interpretation of PCR assays by improving the reliability of detection of pathogens in food.