Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2电极在硫酸溶液中Cr3+氧化的电化学性能

对用聚合前驱体溶液通过热分解法制备的Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2电极在硫酸溶液中Cr3+电化学氧化的电化学性能进行了研究. 分别测定了以Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2和PbO2为阳极，硫酸介质中Cr3+电化学氧化过程的极化曲线、抗腐蚀性以及不同操作电流密度、Cr3+浓度、反应温度、硫酸浓度下的电流效率. 实验结果表明，聚合前驱体溶液通过热分解法制备的Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2电极与PbO2电极相比具有更高的电催化活性和抗腐蚀性.     

不同金属氧化物膜电极上苯酚的电催化氧化

分别以自制的金属氧化物膜电极Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3、Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2和Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/RuO2+PbO2为阳极，恒电流电解低浓度苯酚溶液，研究了不同金属氧化物阳极对苯酚电催化氧化过程的影响。实验结果表明：在实验条件下，苯酚溶液在3种金属氧化物膜电极上的电催化氧化过程的宏观动力学符合一级反应动力学规律，但不同金属氧化物阳极上苯酚电催化氧化过程的表观反应速率及电流效率有明显的差异。25℃下苯酚在Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3、Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2和Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/RuO2+PbO2电极上电催化氧化的表观反应速率常数k分别为6.66×10-2min-1、2.49×10-2min-1和9.76×10-3min-1;瞬时电流效率随电解时间的增长而下降，初始电流效率分别为78.7%、38.9%、13.2%。以Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3电极为阳极电解60 min后，苯酚浓度从初始浓度2.13×10-3mol·L-1降至3.27×10-5mol·L-1，苯酚的转化率达98.5%;而在相同的反应条件下，以Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2和Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/RuO2+PbO2为阳极时，苯酚的转化率只有82.7%和29.8%。对3种电极在苯酚溶液中的伏安特性的研究表明，Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3电极具有比Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2和Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/RuO2+PbO2高的析氧电位，因此有利于有机物的氧化和过程电流效率的提高。     

不同金属氧化物阳极上甲基橙的电化学氧化降解

分别以Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3和Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2电极为阳极进行甲基橙的电化学氧化,研究了两种金属氧化物阳极上甲基橙氧化降解过程的反应速率、电流效率及COD的变化.结果表明,两种金属氧化物阳极都能有效氧化降解甲基橙,氧化反应符合一级反应动力学规律,在Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3和Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2电极上甲基橙氧化降解过程的表观速率常数分别为0.148和2.43×10-2 min-1. 以Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3为阳极电解30 min,甲基橙的浓度从初始时的0.305 mmol/L降至4.89×10-3 mmol/L,甲基橙的转化率达98.4%;在Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2电极上,相同电解时间下甲基橙的浓度只降至0.14 mmol/L,转化率为55.0%. 对不同电极上甲基橙电化学氧化过程电流效率的研究表明,Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3电极的电流效率明显高于Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PbO2电极. Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3电极的反应速率大、电流效率高主要源于其较高的析氧电位.     

新型钛基PbO2阳极电氧化降解 有机污染物的特性研究

用电沉积法制备了PbO2/SnO2+Sb2O3/Ti、Bi-PbO2/SnO2+Sb2O3/Ti、PbO2（超声）/SnO2+Sb2O3/Ti、Bi-PbO2（超声）/SnO2+Sb2O3/Ti等4种二氧化铅电极,用稳态极化曲线表征了它们的电催化性和选择性,分析了电解苯酚废水的处理效果,用加速寿命实验测定了电极寿命,用电子扫描电镜表征了沉积层晶相和形貌。结果表明：掺Bi可以提高电极的电催化性和电氧化苯酚的选择性,超声电沉积可以增大电极比表面积,提高电极的表观催化活性,显著增长电极加速寿命。     

钛基IrO2+SnO2电极的析氧性能及其在电合成丁二酸中的应用

通过热分解法制备了IrO2+ SnO2/Sb2 O3+ SnO2/Ti、IrO2+ SnO2/Ti、IrO2+ Ta2O5/Sb2O3+ SnO2/Ti电极,通过线性伏安、电化学阻抗、强化寿命测试等研究了钛基涂层电极在1 mol· L-1硫酸溶液中的析氧性能.采用EDX、SEM等考察了电极的表面元素分布和电极强化寿命测...     

探讨不同阳极材料对电催化氧化含酚废水效果的影响

采用高温热分解技术制备Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3、Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/PbO2和Ti/PbO2电极。通过对三种电极的催化性能进行比较,结果显示Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3电极较其他两种电极具有更好的催化活性和稳定性。以Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3为阳极,钛板为阴极,利用正交实验得出电催化氧化的最优参数为:电压5V、NaCl浓度0.1mol·L-1、pH值7。     

4种DSA阳极的制备及其电催化性能比较

制备了Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3, Ti/PbO2, Ti/Fe-PbO2和Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/Fe-PbO2四种形稳阳极材料,对其表面形貌进行了表征,同时测试了其在H2SO4溶液中的极化曲线. 以苯酚为目标污染物,用其进行了电催化降解实验. 结果表明,Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/Fe-PbO2电极催化活性最好,苯酚降解率可达95%. 添加锡锑中间层后,Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/Fe-PbO2电极寿命显著提高,可达16 h. 苯酚在4种阳极上的电催化降解反应遵循一级反应动力学规律.     

烟碱电化学合成烟酸的研究

提出了一种合成烟酸的新方法———间接电合成法。在分隔型电解槽中 ,用Pb PbO2 阳极将Cr3+ 氧化成Cr2 O72 - ,用Cr2 O72 - 为氧化剂对烟碱进行氧化可获得合格烟酸 ,产率在 80 %以上。还原所得Cr3+ 循环利用。优选条件为 :c(H2 SO4 ) =3.0～ 4.0mol·L- 1,电流密度 60 0A m2 ,c(Cr3+ ) =0 .2 5～ 0 .45mol·L- 1。此时 ,Cr3+ 的转化率为 70 %左右 ,电流效率可达 80 %。     

偶氮二甲酰胺的电化学合成工艺研究

采用热分解法制备的SnO2 Sb2O3/Ti电极作为阳极材料,以联二脲为原料,电化学氧化法合成出偶氮二甲酰胺。通过正交试验和单因素实验研究了电流密度、电量、NaBr、H2SO4的量以及温度对偶氮二甲酰胺的产率和电流效率的影响。得出最佳工艺条件：电流密度0.23 A?cm-2、电量0.128 F、NaBr 8 g?L-1、H2SO4 147g?L-1、温度40 ℃,偶氮二甲酰胺的产率达到94%,电流效率89%。此外,SnO2 Sb2O3/Ti电极的循环伏安测试结果表明,吸附溴原子Brad复合成溴的步骤控制电合成偶氮二甲酰胺的反应速度,阳极过程符合EC机理。     

电化学氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液

研究了用电化学氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液。研究表明,电化学氧化过程可有效去除垃圾渗滤液中的污染物。当电流密度为12 A·dm-2,氯化物浓度为6000 mg·L-1,用SPR阳极电解240 min时,可去除90%COD、3000 mg·L-1铵氮。对操作条件如阳极材料、电流密度、氯化物浓度对渗滤液处理效率的影响进行了研究。研究表明,4 种阳极材料石墨、PbO2/Ti、DSA和SPR中SPR具有强电解催化作用,处理垃圾渗滤液的效率最高。此外,增加电流密度和氯化物浓度可提高电化学氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液的效率。     

镀铬情缘

邮局送来一本刚出版的电镀刊物,我随手翻阅起来,一篇文章引起我高度关注,反复看了两遍,它传递的信息使我大为惊讶。说的是镀铬溶液,文章是这样写的：“……有些中小企业没有化验条件,对硫酸含量只凭估计,又担心估计不够确切,所以干脆采取加过量的碳酸钡将硫酸全部沉淀掉,过滤后再准确地加入所需硫     

两种不锈钢冲刷腐蚀的研究

用板状试样在料浆罐式冲刷腐蚀实验机上研究了两种不锈钢的冲刷腐蚀规律。结果表明,力学性能只在冲刷速度高时才对材料耐冲刷腐蚀性有显著作用,在冲刷速度高时,２Ｃｒ１３的冲刷腐蚀失重比１Ｃｒ１７Ｍｏ２低;而在冲刷速度低时（２ｍ／ｓ）,１Ｃｒ１７Ｍｏ２的冲刷腐蚀失重比２Ｃｒ１３的低。材料的力学性能也影响其在不同冲刷角度时的冲刷腐蚀规律。２Ｃｒ１３的冲刷腐蚀失重随冲刷角度增大而单调增加,在冲刷角为９０°时最大。１Ｃｒ１７Ｍｏ２的冲刷腐蚀失重在３０°左右时出现峰值,在９０°时为最大。两种材料的纯冲刷失重随冲刷角度的变化与冲刷腐蚀失重的变化类似。     

镀铬阳极选用

简要分析了阳极材料及阳极面积对镀铬溶液及镀层性能的影响。设计出一种简单实用的、符合镀铬工艺特殊要求的窗格式镀铬阳极。介绍了这种阳极的优点及El常维护。     

三价铬镀铬溶液中六价铬杂质的测定

利用二苯氨基脲在酸性溶液中与六价铬的显色反应,用光度法测定三价铬镀铬溶液中的六价铬。为了控制镀液中双氧水的影响,测定时采用较低的酸度,用3 cm比色皿,以镀液底液作参比,在波长530 nm处测定吸光度。实验表明,对于含双氧水的镀液,测定六价铬的结果偏低3.9%,镀液中的其它组分对测定无影响。本法测定结果的平均偏差为0.05 mg/L。     

Sintering additives regulated Cr ion charge state in Cr doped YAG transparent ceramics

Cr: YAG and Cr, Nd: YAG transparent ceramics have significant application prospects in solid state lasers, therefore a controllable charge state of Cr ion in Cr doped YAG transparent ceramics is necessary. In this study, a successful regulation of Cr charge state in both Cr, Nd: YAG and Cr: YAG transparent ceramics was achieved, by a simple optimizing the sintering additives. Both ceramics with the Cr doping concentration of 0.3?at% reached to the theoretical transmittance, after the vacuum sintering and the subsequent annealing process. It was found that by adopting silica additive, divalent charged Cr²⁺ ions could be detected from the vacuum sintered samples, and they were transferred into trivalent state after further annealing in air. Meanwhile, by vacuum sintering ceramics with divalent additives (CaO and MgO), a stable trivalent charged Cr ion could be obtained, and the subsequent air annealing process indicated a significant conversion from Cr³⁺ to Cr⁴⁺. Further increasing the Cr concentration was not benefit to the optical quality as well as the conversion of Cr³⁺ ion in Cr, Nd: YAG transparent ceramics.     

Activation of Phillips Cr/silica catalysts: IV. Mobility of Cr(VI)

The saturation coverage behavior of Cr(VI) on silica has been used to study the mobility of hexavalent chromium during commercial activation of the Phillips catalyst in a fluidized bed. Cr(VI) was found to migrate not only within each silica particle, but even between particles. The mechanism of transfer is thought to be particle-to-particle contact during the fluid bed calcining process, and Cr migration was observed at temperatures as low as 300–400 °C in these experiments. Transfer can take place even in the absence of oxygen, which suggests that redox cycling is probably not the main method of mobility. However, once the silica is calcined at high temperatures the migration is stopped at low temperatures, indicating that the thermal history of the surface is important in the transfer process. Migration of Cr on and between alumina particles behaved in much the same way, and Cr transfer was also observed between silica and alumina in both directions. Cr(III) on deactivated commercial Cr/silica catalysts could be reclaimed to Cr(VI) surprisingly easily by co-activation with virgin support. The spreading out of Cr(VI) onto a fresh unoccupied surface probably provides a powerful force to reoxidize the otherwise seemingly inert alpha-Cr₂O₃ crystallites. The mobility has important consequences for commercial manufacture and use of the catalyst.     

金刚石表面电镀铬新工艺

在金刚石表面化学镀Ｎｉ－Ｗ－Ｐ做导电底层,然后采用三价铬镀液在金刚石表面电镀金属铬镀层,Ｘ－射线分析表明,在高温下金刚石表面镀层中有金属铬的碳化物生成。铬碳化物的生成增强了金刚石与胎体金属之间的浸润能力,从而增强了金刚石与胎体金属之间的结合强度。     

三价铬电镀的新进展

简要回顾了三价铬电镀的发展历史,介绍了目前三价铬电底存在的问题及解决途径,重点叙述了近年发展起来的三价铬电镀功能性厚铬工艺及其特性。     

Interactions of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) with isolated rat liver mitochondria

The mechanism of interaction of Cr(VI) with isolated rat liver mitochondria was investigated in this study. The results suggest that Cr(VI) induces the opening of the membrane permeability transition pore (MPT). The phenomenon is cyclosporine-sensitive and is in agreement with the cyclosporine-sensitive apoptosis observed in the cells incubated with this compound. Moreover the action of Cr(III), that is formed in the cells by a reduction of Cr(VI), has been also analysed. The results obtained demonstrated that the Cr(III) does not induce the opening of the MPT in isolated mitochondria, but it has a protective effect in preventing Cr(VI) MPT opening. Therefore, these results suggest that apoptosis is regulated by a balance between Cr(VI) accumulation in the cytoplasm and Cr(III) formation.     

Sand erosion and crack propagation mechanism of Cr/CrN/Cr/CrAlN multilayer coating

Herein, we have deposited Cr/CrN/Cr/CrAlN multilayer coatings with various modulation ratios on TC11 alloy substrate using cathodic arc system. The influence of various modulation ratios on microstructure and Al₂O₃ sand erosion behavior of coatings is systematically studied. Results reveal that the coatings are about 200 nm per cycle and total thickness is 8 μm. Five groups of coatings exhibit high hardness (>3000 HV_0.025). The coating with modulation ratio of 12 adhesion can reaches 55 N. The residual stress increases with the decrease of the modulation ratio, but the increase is generally low (less than ?2 GPa). In addition, according to sand erosion test, it is found that sand erosion resistance of multilayer coating is significantly around 5 times higher than TC11 alloy matrix. The erosion morphology shows that a large number of irregular cracks and layered spalling appear on the surface of the coating, indicating that the cracks are constantly initiated under the continuous impact of the sand and gravel，and finally gather together and then spalling. Moreover, dynamic response and stress field of the coating under the impact of single sand (Al₂O₃) are studied by numerical simulations. It is determined that coating cracking is caused by high tensile stress under CrAlN layer. In addition, according to crack propagation morphology and influence of different interfaces between multilayered structures on crack tips, propagation/termination mechanism of cracks is analyzed in detail. Cracks are easy to initiate in hard CrAlN layer and consume a lot of energy after propagating into soft Cr layer, thereby ending at next soft and hard interfaces. These results provide experimental and theoretical support for the study of high tenacity and anti-erosion coating.