聚乙二醇修饰牛血红蛋白制备红细胞代用品的初步研究

目的 探讨mPEG名选择性修饰异源血红蛋白,制备红细胞代用品的可能性。方法 使用mPEG 修饰牛血红蛋白,分析其对牛血红蛋白理化性质的影响。结果 平均偶联程度达到30％,导致牛血红蛋白的电泳迁移率,吸收光谱、粘度和胶体渗透压改变。结论 尽管还有很多问题需要解决,mPEG修饰牛血红蛋白制备红细胞代用品具有深入研究的价值。     

利用葡萄糖转苷酶制备纤维素酶可溶性诱导物的研究

在纤维素酶生产中,常用的诱导物纤维素是不溶性的固体高分子化合物,存在着传质阻力大、不易于流加培养、产酶效率低等问题.今以葡萄糖为原料,利用葡萄糖转苷酶的催化作用,定向合成纤维素酶的可溶性诱导物.经高效液相色谱分析,发现转糖苷产物中含有纤维素酶的强诱导物槐糖.在50℃下,转糖苷反应的适宜葡萄糖浓度为300～500 mg·mL-1,pH 3～4.5,反应100 h,产物中槐糖含量可达40 mg·mL-1.将葡萄糖经转苷酶作用后的复合物用于纤维素酶的生产,与直接采用葡萄糖相比,产酶时间提前25 h,滤纸酶活力提高14倍.该研究结果为酶法制备纤维素酶的高效可溶性诱导物探明了一条新途径,对于提高纤维素酶的生产效率、加速其工业化应用具有重要意义.     

硫酸铀酰印迹离子交换树脂的合成及识别特性研究

为进行稀溶液中铀的浓缩,以硫酸铀酰为模板、二乙基烯丙基胺为功能单体,在水中采用自组装分子印迹技术制备了硫酸铀酰印迹离子交换树脂.对树脂合成条件进行了优化,研究了pH值对吸附量的影响、分子印迹聚合物MIPs-4的等温吸附与吸附动力学、柱内吸附与淋洗曲线等树脂识别性能.结果表明:印迹树脂对硫酸铀酰的吸附性能比非印迹树脂好,可以在pH=1～6范围内应用,并在pH为2左右时吸附能力最强.MIPs-4树脂的吸附等温线为"优吸"型,吸附在约3h达到平衡.当C0=0.125mg·mL-1时,Kd=0.249L·g-1.吸附液ρ(U)=1.0 mg·mL-1、接触时间4min进行的柱内试验得出MIPs-4的穿透体积、穿透容量和饱和容量分别为柱内树脂的床体积(BV)的22倍、21.6 mg·mL-1和36.2 mg·mL-1.以0.05 mol·L-1 H2SO4 1.0 mol·L-1 NaCl为淋洗液时,淋洗体积仅4BV,流出液中最大铀浓度达到17.6 mg·mL-1.印迹树脂的吸附和解吸性能好,可应用于低浓度铀的浓缩及含铀废水的处理.     

PEG化猪血红蛋白偶联物的设计与产物分析

目的 采用结构分析和分子模拟方法修饰猪血红蛋白,制备人血代用品的可行性。方法 通过蛋白质结构分析方法比较猪血红蛋白αβ二聚体晶体表面氨基的数量及其反应活性,以分子模拟方法确定修饰产物的可能结构,以mPEG修饰猪血红蛋白,并分析修饰产物理化性质。结果 修饰产物的相对分子质量增大,平均偶联程度达到27％。结论 计算机模拟技术可以用于异源血红蛋白的修饰。     

聚胺酸修饰酵母对碱性品红和亚甲基蓝的吸附行为

用面包酵母作单体、戊二醛为变联剂,制备成交联酵母后用聚胺酸进行修饰,得到聚胺酸修饰酵母.研究了pH值、染料浓度、吸附时间、温度对聚胺酸修饰酵母吸附能力的影响.结果表明,聚胺酸修饰面包酵母可同时吸附碱性品红和亚甲基蓝.在pH值为4.0～11.0,酸度对吸附量的影响较小,吸附反应分别在40、20min达到平衡,过程符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附量分别为335.9、694.2mg·g-1.     

野油菜黄单胞菌胞内粗酶液催化合成α-熊果苷

利用野油菜黄单胞菌（Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris）8004胞内粗酶液生物催化合成α-熊果苷,考察了对苯二酚浓度、反应物摩尔比、缓冲溶液pH值、反应时间、菌体浓度等因素对反应的影响。确定最佳反应条件为：反应温度35℃、摇床转速180r.min-1、对苯二酚浓度40mmol.L-1、对苯二酚与蔗糖的摩尔比1∶30、缓冲溶液pH值7.0、反应时间36h、菌体浓度80mg.mL-1,在此条件下,α-熊果苷含量达到6.58mg.mL-1、对苯二酚选择性为66%、对苯二酚转化率为91%。     

固定化铜离子亲和膜静态吸附血红蛋白的性能研究

用固定化铜离子亲和膜静态吸附血红蛋白(Hb),考察了血红蛋白浓度、pH值、离子强度、温度和时间对吸附的影响.结果表明,固定化铜离子亲和膜静态吸附血红蛋白的最大吸附量为14.8719 mg·g-1,当控制温度16～25℃、pH值7.0 ～ 7.4、Hb浓度0.8484 ～ 1.2726 mg·mL-1时,吸附效果较好;离子强度越低,吸附效果越好;吸附时间至少为30 min.固定化铜离子亲和膜静态吸附血红蛋白的研究为实际体系的分离研究奠定了基础.     

磁响应交联糖化酶聚集体的制备及催化特性

提出了一种采用羧基磁性纳米粒子制备杂化磁响应交联酶聚集体(M-CLEAs)的方法。表面羧基修饰的约10 nm的磁性纳米粒子与酶分子表面的氨基位点通过静电相互作用,形成复合物,在磁场作用下可将磁性纳米粒子-酶复合物从溶液中分离,经戊二醛交联即形成M-CLEAs。传统的表面氨基修饰的磁性纳米粒子与酶需在沉淀剂作用下,从溶液中分离,而后采用戊二醛共交联,而本方法无须沉淀剂,过程更为简化。以糖化酶为对象,对该过程的影响因素(交联时间、pH、酶浓度、戊二醛浓度等条件)进行了探索,并对制得的M-CLEAs的酶学性质进行了较为详细考察。结果表明,最优制备条件为:酶浓度1 mg·ml-1,磁流体浓度10 mg·ml-1,戊二醛浓度0.25%(质量体积比),在pH 6.0下交联反应6 h,最终载酶量可达80 mg·g~(-1)、比活为50 U·mg~(-1)。制得的固定化酶pH稳定性、热稳定性和储存稳定性均显著改善,可实现糖化酶重复使用10次,仍保留接近60%的酶活。     

聚酰胺树脂纯化荷叶碱的工艺研究

探讨了聚酰胺树脂对荷叶碱的吸附和洗脱工艺.以紫外可见分光光度法为检测手段,通过静态吸附实验考察了pH值、吸附时间对吸附量的影响,通过动态吸附实验考察了荷叶碱浓度、流速对动态泄漏点的影响,以及洗脱剂浓度、洗脱流速对洗脱率的影响.结果表明,在pH值为4、吸附时间为80 min时,聚酰胺树脂对荷叶碱的吸附性能最好,饱和吸附量为1.54 mg·mL-1;最佳上柱液浓度为0.617 mg·mL-1,动态吸附流速为0.35 BV·h-1;用流速为1.0 BV·h-1的90%乙醇溶液洗脱树脂上吸附的荷叶碱,洗脱率达到66.8%.聚酰胺树脂廉价易得,易再生,选择性高,操作简便,吸附速度较快,用乙醇洗脱无毒副作用,适于荷叶碱的纯化.     

O-羧甲基壳聚糖的制备及其对Ni^2＋吸附性能研究

通过羧烷基化对壳聚糖进行改性,发现当壳聚糖与氯乙酸、壳聚糖与氢氧化钾的质量比分别为1:4.26及2:2.3时,45℃下反应4.5h,可得到O-羧甲基壳聚糖,产率为97.1%,对产品进行红外光谱表征.在此基础上研究了制备的O-羧甲基壳聚糖对Ni2+的吸附性,探讨溶液pH、Ni2+初始浓度和取代度等因素对其吸附性的影响.结果表明,最佳吸附条件是溶液pH为8.0、Ni2+初始浓度为33.2778 mg·mL-1、O-羧甲基壳聚糖取代度为0.712、平衡吸附时间为6 h.对O-羧甲基壳聚糖进行脱附研究,结果显示H2SO4是一种很好的脱附剂,能在0.5h内将吸附在O-羧甲基壳聚糖上的Ni2+脱去90%以上,重现性好.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。