羊乳蛋白质稳定性的影响因素研究

本文研究了不同因素对崂山奶山羊初乳和成熟乳蛋白质稳定性的影响,分析了温度、pH值、柠檬酸、钙离子、蔗糖及超高压处理下,羊乳蛋白质离心沉淀率的变化,并以此衡量乳液的稳定性。结果表明,第1~3d的乳对热最为敏感,第1d的乳65℃加热15min即变得极为粘稠,70℃加热15min第1、2d的乳均出现凝固结块;第3d的乳85℃加热15min出现凝固结块。第4~7d的乳加热到95℃未出现凝固结块。可见,随着泌乳期的延长,乳的热稳定性增强。pH6.9的羊乳蛋白质的稳定性最好;蔗糖添加量低于1.0mg/100mL时,降低乳的稳定性;高于1.0mg/100mL时,随着蔗糖浓度的增加,酪蛋白胶束的稳定性增强;羊乳蛋白质的稳定性随柠檬酸和钙离子浓度的增大而降低。300MPa以下压力处理对蛋白质沉淀率的影响不大;500MPa超高压处理时,沉淀率明显增加,作用15min沉淀率达最高值7.35%。超过500MPa的压力处理会导致蛋白质的稳定性明显降低。     

影响羊奶乳脂肪稳定性因素的研究

对崂山奶山羊乳中乳脂肪的稳定性进行了研究,通过测定离心前后吸光度比值(稳定性系数)分析了温度、超高压、乳化剂、蔗糖、柠檬酸及钙离子浓度对生鲜原料乳中乳脂肪稳定性的影响。结果表明,羊乳中乳脂肪经加热处理后在75℃时稳定性最高;经超高压处理后稳定性降低;当蔗糖添加量为1%,蔗糖酯的添加量为0.12%时稳定性最高;添加柠檬酸后乳脂肪的稳定性明显下降;一定量的钙离子能够增加乳脂肪的稳定性,但浓度增加后反而降低乳脂肪的稳定性。通过研究不同因素对羊乳中乳脂肪稳定性的影响为羊乳在实际生产中提出了一些具有指导意义的意见和建议。     

羊初乳热稳定性研究初探

本文以不同泌乳期的羊初乳为原料,研究了不同泌乳期的初乳的热稳定性,以及酸度,添加物磷酸盐、柠檬酸盐、蔗糖、钙离子、卡拉胶等对初乳热稳定性的影响。结果表明:初乳的热稳定性随泌乳期和pH值的增大而增大;磷酸盐、柠檬酸盐、蔗糖均对初乳的热稳定性有改善作用;而钙离子、卡拉胶使初乳的热稳定性下降。在80℃下初乳热稳定性改善最适条件为:pH6.9,柠檬酸0.02mol/L,磷酸盐0.2mol/L,蔗糖30%。     

羊乳酒精稳定性的研究

利用酒精试验对羊乳的酒精稳定性进行了研究,研究结果表明:在pH6.4～7.2时,羊乳酒精稳定性随羊乳pH的升高而增强,羊乳(pH=6.70)中添加44%浓度的等量酒精出现絮状沉淀物,而牛乳通常是添加70%浓度的酒精出珑沉淀;在30～80℃时,羊乳酒精稳定性随着温度的升高而降低;羊乳酒精稳定性随着羊乳中游离Ca2+浓度增大而降低.     

基于非线性化学指纹图谱的羊乳广谱掺假检测研究

目前羊乳中发现的掺假物质种类繁多,而检测方法多为针对单一掺假物质的检测。本研究基于非线性指纹图谱技术构建非特异性的广谱掺假物质判定方法。本研究在测定32个纯山羊乳样品及添加5%、1%和0.1%不同浓度氯化钠、大豆蛋白胨、尿素和蔗糖羊乳样品的非线性指纹图谱基础上,对纯山羊乳与掺假羊乳的指纹图谱进行直观的比较和相似度比较。添加0.5%以上氯化钠或尿素的掺假样品和5%以上大豆蛋白胨或蔗糖的掺假样品与纯生鲜羊乳的指纹图谱明显不同,可判定为掺假羊乳。以纯羊乳样品最低相似度值为临界值,则含0.5%和1%蔗糖的掺假样品相似度值在临界值上下,其余掺假样品的相似度值均小于临界值83.4%。故对生鲜乳中添加以上四种掺假物质浓度大于5%的掺假行为通过指纹图谱的直观比较和相似度值比较均可判定为掺假,该方法可用于生鲜羊乳的掺假检测,一次检测即可排除多种掺假物质的存在。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶浓度对搅拌型酸羊乳贮存期品质的影响

为改善搅拌型酸羊乳的品质,采用谷氨酰胺转氨酶(transglutaminase,TG)(浓度为1、2、3 u/g蛋白)处理山羊乳,发酵制备搅拌型酸羊乳,研究其贮存期pH、黏度、持水性、风味物质、乳酸菌的变化,并采用SDS-PAGE电泳分析TG处理羊乳后乳中蛋白质的交联程度。结果表明,TG处理制备的搅拌型酸羊乳在贮存期的pH明显高于对照组;搅拌型酸羊乳在贮存期间的黏度和持水性明显增大,且随着TG浓度增大,效果越明显;搅拌型酸羊乳贮存期间的乙醛和丁二酮的含量逐渐降低,随着TG浓度越大,降低越明显;TG处理对搅拌型酸羊乳贮存期间嗜热链球菌有显著性的抑制作用,且随着TG浓度的增加,嗜热链球菌的含量越低,然而TG处理对保加利亚乳杆菌无明显影响;SDS-PAGE电泳显示,TG处理羊乳后,κ-酪蛋白和α-乳白蛋白发生明显交联,这有利于酸乳凝胶的稳定性。     

羊奶酪蛋白热稳定性的研究

以莎能和关中羊奶为原料,通过从羊奶中提取酪蛋白,分别在不同的pH、温度以及添加不同浓度的Ca^2＋、柠檬酸钠、三聚磷酸钠、干酪素的条件下测定酪蛋白的热凝固时间（HCT）,研究其对羊奶酪蛋白热稳定性的影响。结果表明,pH在6．8时酪蛋白的热稳定性最好,高温会降低酪蛋白的热稳定性,钙离子可以降低羊奶酪蛋白的热稳定性,适量的柠檬酸钠或三聚磷酸钠可以有效提高羊奶酪蛋白的热稳定性,干酪素对酪蛋白稳定性影响不明显。     

羊奶中表皮生长因子(EGF)变化规律研究

采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测羊乳中表皮生长因子(EGF)浓度及变化规律。结果表明:关中奶山羊所产羊乳中EGF浓度最高(P0.05);对于不同泌乳期的羊乳,产羔后30~90 d时EGF浓度显著高于120~210 d(P0.05);挤奶间隔对乳中EGF浓度无显著性影响;奶山羊日泌乳量越小,羊乳中EGF浓度越高;奶山羊在产羔后2~5胎的羊乳中EGF浓度显著高于产羔后第1胎和第6、7胎的浓度(P0.05)。因此,在开发富含EGF的功能性羊奶产品时,可收集泌乳期为30~90 d,挤奶间隔为12 h,日泌乳量小,2~5胎的关中奶山羊乳样。     

莎能羊乳中乳过氧化物酶特性的研究

以西农莎能羊乳为原料,对羊乳中乳过氧化物酶的最适温度、热稳定性、最适pH、pH稳定性和光稳定性进行系统的研究.结果表明,乳过氧化物酶的最适温度为45～55℃,在较低温度20～50℃热稳定性较好;乳过氧化物酶的最适pH为5.5～6.0,在pH3.0～8.0比较稳定;光对乳过氧化物酶活性的影响较大,光照处理3h后的乳过氧化物酶活性比避光处理降低了24.00%.这些研究结果将为乳过氧化物酶体系对羊奶的保鲜提供依据.     

不同泌乳期羊乳的理化特性及其酶凝固特性

以不同泌乳期羊乳为原料,研究其基本理化特性(色泽、膻味、p H值、酸度、密度、乳化学成分)及酶凝固特性(硬度、内聚性、弹性)和持水力,以便为羊乳制品的开发提供更适宜的生产原料。结果表明,不同泌乳期羊乳的各理化特性和酶凝固特性差异较大。随着泌乳期的延长,羊乳由乳黄色逐渐变为乳白色,其膻味逐渐变淡,p H值缓慢上升,而酸度、密度、乳化学成分含量及酶凝固特性、持水力均呈下降趋势。经综合分析,建议将泌乳第120~150天的羊乳作为稀奶油生产的较优质原料;泌乳第4~150天的羊乳更适合用于凝固型酸奶和奶酪的加工;而泌乳第7~240天的羊乳均可用于生产液态羊乳或羊乳粉,但需要对其主要化学成分进行标准化处理。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.