剪切载荷下BGA单板结构与板级结构焊点尺寸效应

采用试验方法研究BGA封装结构中焊点的剪切力学行为.分析并比较了Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu,Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu,Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-0.07La和Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-0.07La-0.05Ce四种钎料焊点在单板结构与板级结构中的尺寸效应.结果表明,单板结构与板级结构中焊点的抗剪强度均随焊点尺寸的减小而增加,板级结构焊点表现的更加明显.低银焊点与高银焊点的剪切力学性能差距随着焊点尺寸的减小逐渐降低.随着焊点尺寸的减小,单板结构中焊点的剪切应变逐渐增加;板级结构则遵循先增加后减小的变化规律.此外,高银焊点随焊点尺寸的减小断裂模式由韧脆混合型向韧性断裂形式转变,另外三种低银焊点断裂模式不变,仅是断裂位置向体钎料侧偏移.     

回流温度对单板/板级BGA无铅焊点的剪切力学行为影响

采用试验的方法研究回流温度对Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu,Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu,Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu-0.07La-0.05Ce三种无铅钎料在单板结构/板级结构中剪切性能的影响.结果表明,随着回流温度的升高,单板结构中高银焊点的抗剪强度最高且一直增加,低银焊点呈现出先增加后降低的趋势.板级结构中焊点的抗剪强度均随回流温度的升高呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,其中添加稀土元素的低银焊点的抗剪强度最高.两种结构中焊点的至断位移均随回流温度的升高而降低.板级结构中,随着回流温度的升高,高银焊点的断裂模式由韧性断裂向脆性断裂转变,而低银焊点则一直为韧性断裂,其断裂位置向IMC方向移动.     

超低银SnAgCu钎料微焊点力学性能

研究了复合添加Ga/Nd元素对超低银Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu钎料微焊点力学性能的影响. 结果表明,复合添加适量Ga/Nd元素可以显著改善微焊点界面组织,抑制微焊点界面附近金属间化合物的生成,从而提高微焊点的力学性能,相比母合金微焊点剪切力提高幅度达到约16%;微焊点的力学性能随着时效时间的增加而降低,降低幅度优于未添加Ga/Nd的微焊点. Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-0.5Ga-0.1Nd钎料微焊点的力学性能在时效处理后仍保持较好的水平,已接近Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu钎料微焊点的90%,具有良好的工业应用前景.     

Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-xNd钎料显微组织及性能

研究了稀土元素Nd的添加量对超低银无铅钎料Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu的润湿性能、显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,微量Nd元素的加入可以显著改善Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu超低银无铅钎料的润湿性能和焊点的力学性能,并且能够起到细化基体组织的作用.当钎料中Nd元素的质量分数达到0.1%时,钎料的综合性能最佳,基体组织最为均匀细化.虽然Ag元素含量的降低使钎料的性能有所下降,但是加入适量Nd元素后钎料的润湿性能已接近传统Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu钎料.     

低银Sn-Ag-Cu无铅钎料的发展现状及发展趋势

开发低银无铅钎料是目前电子钎料行业的迫切需求.目前主要开发了Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu和Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu等低银钎料,与原有钎料相比,低银钎料具有成本低、耐冲击性能好等优点,但是也存在熔点高、强度低等缺点.目前研究集中在Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu和Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu基础上添加Ni,Mn,Ti,Z...     

稀土Pr对Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu钎料润湿性能和微焊点力学性能的影响

采用润湿平衡法研究了微量稀土Pr元素对Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu在Cu基板上润湿性能的影响规律,并借助STR-1000型微焊点强度测试对Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-x Pr微焊点的力学性能。结果表明,随着稀土Pr含量的增加,钎料在Cu基板上的润湿力逐渐增加,润湿时间缩短。当Pr的质量分数在0.05%~0.1%时,Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-x Pr钎料的润湿性能最好。在260℃的试验条件下,Sn Ag Cu-0.1Pr相比Sn Ag Cu钎料润湿力提高了5.0%,润湿时间降低了16.9%。且当Pr含量约为0.05%时,微焊点的力学性能最佳,焊点的剪切强度提高了8.5%。     

Nd对Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni焊点组织与力学性能的影响

研究了添加微量稀土元素Nd对Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni/Cu无铅焊点再流焊和150 ℃时效条件下焊点界面组织与力学性能的影响. 结果表明,添加适量Nd(质量分数为0.06%)可以优化焊点界面组织,减缓时效过程中Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni/Cu界面化合物的生长速率,提高焊点力学性能,增强焊点的可靠性. 时效过程中,添加了0.06%Nd的Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni钎料焊点的剪切力始终保持最大,在时效1 440 h后,Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni-0.06Nd/Cu焊点的剪切力相比未添加稀土的Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni钎料提高了31.9%.     

Pr,Nd对Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu0.5Ga无铅钎料显微组织的影响

分析了添加两种稀土元素Pr,Nd对Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-0.5Ga无铅钎料基体组织、焊点界面组织的影响并测定了焊点抗剪强度.结果表明,在该钎料中分别添加Pr,Nd元素可以改善钎料的显微组织,且加入Pr元素的效果优于Nd.添加Pr元素的钎料基体组织中金属间化合物分布均匀,而后者易在晶界处产生“区域”状金属间化合物,成为裂纹的发源地.稀土元素的吸附作用可以降低钎料与铜基板界面反应的剧烈程度,从而改善界面的形貌.添加Pr元素的钎料可以更好地与铜基板结合,从而提高了焊点的抗剪强度.     

Fe粉对Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu复合钎料组织及性能的影响

通过在钎料中添加Fe粉颗粒,研究其对Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu复合无铅钎料的黏度、熔点、钎焊接头界面微观组织、与Cu基板之间的润湿性及焊点力学性能的影响。结果表明:微米级Fe粉的添加增加了复合钎料焊膏单位体积内焊粉的接触面积,使得焊膏内摩擦力增大,导致复合钎料焊膏的黏度增加;微米级Fe粉的添加对Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu钎料的熔化特性没有显著影响;钎焊时,由于重力偏聚及界面吸附作用,Fe粉颗粒集中沉积于Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu-Fe/Cu钎焊接头界面处靠近钎料一侧,由于增大液态钎料黏度而导致钎料与Cu板间的润湿性降低;与Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu/Cu相比,Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu-Fe/Cu界面处钎料一侧粗大的β-Sn枝晶区消失,取而代之的是细小的等轴晶。Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu-1%Fe/Cu的剪切强度为46 MPa,比Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu/Cu剪切强度提高39%;靠近界面金属间化合物处钎料基体的显微硬度提高约25%。     

基于纳米压痕法的无铅BGA焊点的循环力学行为

采用纳米压痕法通过循环加载卸载方式研究了最大载荷、循环次数及保载时间对Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu和Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu 2种钎料BGA焊点循环性能的影响.结果表明,Sn-Ag-Cu系无铅BGA焊点的循环性能具有很大的载荷依赖性,随着最大载荷的增加,BGA焊点的损伤累积增加且前几周循环中损伤累积很大,其后逐渐减小并趋于稳定;循环次数增加,使BGA焊点抵抗变形的能力稍有降低;保载时间增加,蠕变位移不断增加,蠕变和疲劳共同作用会加速焊点失效;Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu钎料BGA焊点的能量损耗大于Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu钎料BGA焊点.     

Nd对Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu/Cu焊点高温可靠性的影响

通过研究150 ℃时效条件下Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu-0.05Nd/Cu焊点剪切力变化和界面微观结构演变,探讨稀土元素Nd对焊点高温可靠性的影响及其影响机制. 结果表明,不同时效时间后Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu-0.05Nd/Cu焊点剪切力明显高于Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu/Cu焊点,且时效过程中Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu-0.05Nd/Cu焊点剪切力的下降速率低于原焊点. 这是由于0.05%Nd可将界面原子扩散系数由1.88 × 10?10 cm2/h降低至1.10 × 10?10 cm2/h,即通过抑制界面金属间化合物的粗化来提高焊点的高温可靠性.     

Improving the shear strength of Sn–Ag–Cu–Ni/Cu–Zn solder joints via modifying the microstructure and phase stability of Cu–Sn intermetallic compounds

This study focuses on the correlation between high-speed impact tests and the interfacial reaction in Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.1Ni/Cu (wt%) and Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.1Ni/Cu-15Zn solder joints. Adding Ni into the Sn–Ag–Cu solder alters the interfacial morphology from scallop type to layer type and exhibits high shear strength after reflow in both solder joints. However, the shear strength of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.1Ni/Cu solder joints degrades significantly after thermal aging at 150 °C for 500 h. It is notable that Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.1Ni/Cu-15Zn solder joints still present higher shear strength after aging at 150 °C. The weakened shear strength in Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.1Ni/Cu solder joints is due to stress accumulation in the interfacial (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ compound induced by the phase transformation from a high-temperature hexagonal structure (η-Cu₆Sn₅) to a low-temperature monoclinic structure (η'-Cu₆Sn₅). However, doping small amounts of Zn into (Cu,Ni)₆(Sn,Zn)₅ can inhibit the phase transformation during thermal aging and maintain strong shear strength. These experiments demonstrate that Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.1Ni/Cu-15Zn solder joints can act as a stable connection in the micro-electronic packaging of most electronic products at their average working temperatures.     

Bi对Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu无铅钎料熔点及润湿性能的影响

研究了添加适量的Bi元素对低银型Sn-0．3Ag-0．7Cu无铅钎料合金性能的影响,应用差示扫描量热仪和SAT-5100型润湿平衡仪对Sn-0．3Ag-0．7Cu·xBi（x=0.1,3,4．5）钎料的熔点、润湿性能作了对比试验分析。结果表明,一定量Bi元素的加入可以降低Sn-0．3Ag-0．7Cu钎料合金的熔点,并改善其润湿性能。但过多的Bi元素会导致钎料的液固相线温度差增大,塑性下降,造成焊点剥离缺陷。综合考虑得到Sn-0．3Ag-0．7Cu-3．0Bi无铅钎料具有最佳的综合性能。     

等温时效中稀土Er对Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu无铅钎料显微组织演化的影响

系统研究了等温时效中添加微量稀土Er对Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu钎料合金显微组织演化规律的影响.结果表明,Er对Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu钎料显微组织及等温时效过程中显微组织的演化产生了重要影响.在钎焊过程中,Er有效地细化了钎料组织,改变了钎料内部Cu-Sn金属间化合物的形态、尺寸及分布情况.在等温时效过程中,钎料内部生成的ErSn3金属间化合物为组织的再结晶过程提供了大量的形核质点,有效避免了再结晶组织的粗化及裂纹的产生和扩展.     

Development of high strength Sn-0.7Cu solders with the addition of small amount of Ag and In

Nowadays, a major concern of Sn-Cu based solder alloys is focused on continuously improving the comprehensive properties of solder joints formed between the solders and substrates. In this study, the influence of Ag and/or In doping on the microstructures and tensile properties of eutectic Sn-0.7Cu lead free solder alloy have been investigated. Also, the effects of temperature and strain rate on the mechanical performance of Sn-0.7Cu, Sn-0.7Cu-2Ag, Sn-0.7Cu-2In and Sn-0.7Cu-2Ag-2In solders were investigated. The tensile tests showed that while the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield stress (YS) increased with increasing strain rate, they decreased with increasing temperature, showing strong strain rate and temperature dependence. The results also revealed that with the addition of Ag and In into Sn-0.7Cu, significant improvement in YS (∼255%) and UTS (∼215%) is realized when compared with the other commercially available Sn-0.7 wt. % Cu solder alloys. Furthermore, the Sn-0.7Cu-2Ag-2In solder material developed here also exhibits higher ductility and well-behaved mechanical performance than that of eutectic Sn-0.7Cu commercial solder. Microstructural analysis revealed that the origin of change in mechanical properties is attributed to smaller β-Sn dendrite grain dimensions and formation of new inter-metallic compounds (IMCs) in the ternary and quaternary alloys.     

La对Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu回流焊点纳米力学性能影响

随着电子产业的不断发展,对微连接焊点可靠性的要求越来越高. 文中在Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu的基础上添加第四种微量元素La,并制备出多种不同铼含量的焊球,通过回流焊得到Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu-xLa焊点. 采用纳米压痕仪对焊点进行一次加载—卸载试验,对试验所得到的载荷—位移数据通过采用Ma物理反解析法可得出焊点的纳米压痕硬度H、弹性模量E及蠕变速率敏感指数m等焊点的性能参数.研究稀土元素La对焊点纳米力学性能的影响. 结果表明,随着微量稀土元素La含量的增加,焊点的硬度、弹性模量表现出明显的增长趋势,而且抗蠕变性能随着铼含量的上升呈线性上升趋势.     

The Effect of Wetting Gravity Regime on Shear Strength of SAC and Sn-Pb Solder Lap Joints

The failure of solder joints due to imposed stresses in an electronic assembly is governed by shear bond strength. In the present study, the effect of wetting gravity regime on single-lap shear strength of Sn-0.3Ag-0.7Cu and Sn-2.5Ag-0.5Cu solder alloys reflowed between bare copper substrates as well as Ni-coated Cu substrates was investigated. Samples were reflowed for 10 s, T _gz (time corresponding to the end of gravity regime) and 100 s individually and tested for single-lap shear strength. The single-lap shear test was also carried out on eutectic Sn-Pb/Cu- and Sn-Pb/Ni-coated Cu specimens to compare the shear strength values obtained with those of lead-free alloys. The eutectic Sn-Pb showed significantly higher ultimate shear strength on bare Cu substrates when compared to Sn-Ag-Cu alloys. However, SAC alloys reflowed on nickel-coated copper substrate exhibited higher shear strength when compared to eutectic Sn-Pb/Ni-coated Cu specimens. All the substrate/solder/substrate lap joint specimens that were reflowed for the time corresponding to the end of gravity regime exhibited maximum ultimate shear strength.