论食品欺诈和食品掺假

文中旨在掌握食品欺诈和食品掺假相关研究领域的基本概念和发展状况,寻找出能够对我国应对食品掺假事件危机管理的启示。通过对食品欺诈和经济利益驱动的食品掺假的定义、类型、特性及美国应对食品掺假采取的相应策略措施的介绍,及其美国食品欺诈数据库和食品掺假数据库的详细介绍和比较,进一步提出了收集我国食品掺假的相关背景信息,建立我国食品掺假数据库,并与国际食品欺诈领域工作者共同合作,致力于研究全球有效的食品欺诈防御及其风险评估体系用以应对食品欺诈和食品掺假事件的建议。     

液相色谱质谱技术在食品掺假中的应用

食品欺诈是食品安全风险防控领域中的重要方面, 其中食品掺假作为食品欺诈的一种类型, 因其掺假物的种类性质、方式等不同往往可能带来或者引入食品安全问题。针对全球性食品掺假行为, 本文综述了近年来液相色谱-质谱联用技术用于解决肉制品、牛奶、食用植物油、蜂蜜4类食品掺假问题, 总结了该4类食品的主要掺假行为, 其中肉制品掺假分为地理来源改变、肉种类替代、添加剂非法使用、过敏原引入、病死畜禽肉; 乳制品掺假主要有奶源产地改变、不同动物奶、添加富氮化合物、添加剂违规; 植物油掺假主要有油种类混合、掺入不可食用油、植物油产地改变、添加工业染料; 蜂蜜常见的掺假方式有蜂蜜产地、植物源、添加糖浆。对液相色谱-质谱鉴别食品真伪的前处理方法(液液萃取、固相萃取)也进行了总结, 以期为液相色谱-质谱联用技术在食品真实性技术鉴别应用提供有益参考。     

DNA指纹技术在食品掺假鉴定中的应用

食品掺假欺诈行为长久以来一直是普遍问题,开发食品的真伪鉴定技术也是食品安全领域的重点之一。其中DNA指纹技术在食品真伪鉴定中有广泛的应用。本文就当前常用的DNA指纹分析手段在食品真伪、掺假鉴定中的应用进行综述,并阐述了技术不足及应用展望。     

食品组学技术在食品真伪鉴别和溯源方面应用进展

食品真伪鉴别和溯源技术是保障食品安全的重要手段.食品鉴别和溯源技术是对食品的真伪、产地和来源等相关信息进行分析及追溯,在食品质量与安全领域中占据强有力的地位.随着食品掺假频发、掺假手段多样,传统检测方法已不能满足食品的质量与安全管理要求,因此亟须发展新型快速准确的食品鉴别和溯源技术.食品组学是近年新兴的采用基因组学、转...     

基于液相色谱-质谱的蛋白质组学技术在食品鉴伪中的应用

随着全球化的发展,食品供应链范围更加宽泛,而食品掺假等欺诈问题日益严重,影响着全球的经济市场、食品质量与安全监管和消费者的身体健康,食品掺假现象已得到社会各界的广泛关注。食品检测技术错综复杂,随着人类基因组序列测定的完成,人们把检测的研究方向转向了蛋白质组学,这种检测手段的先进性、适用性在食品质量和安全等方面取得广泛应用。质谱作为蛋白质组学方法的常用技术,可利用质谱的高通量分析优势对蛋白质和肽段进行鉴定、检测和定量研究,即可开发简单的、快速的方法来分析复杂的或深加工的食物,又可定量检测具有高分离度的微量分析物。本文主要介绍了蛋白质组学方法在食品鉴伪中的应用,阐述了高分辨质谱技术在乳制品、肉类、海产品以及葡萄酒的食品欺诈检测鉴别中的运用,为该类食品安全问题的处理提供有效的参考。     

基于网络数据统计的食品欺诈研究分析

目的 建立符合我国国情的食品欺诈数据库, 补充国际上已建立的经济利益驱动型掺假(economically motivated adulteration, EMA)数据库空白。方法 搜集2001~2019年发生的食品欺诈行为, 初步建立具有中国国情的食品欺诈数据库。对数据库中信息完备的454条欺诈数据进行分析。结果 媒体报道数据占食品欺诈信息总数的71.6%; 食用农产品、酒类、乳制品、肉制品等11类产品是欺诈事件发生较多的食品类别; 产品欺诈(72.2%)高居食品欺诈类型的首位; 2001~2019年食品欺诈事件数量呈现出先上升后降低, 再上升再降低的“M”状趋势; 目前食品欺诈检测技术主要以理化分析技术为主, 针对的食品类别还有限; 食品欺诈信息以中国为主(89.0%), 涉及到世界各个地区。结论 食品欺诈是广泛存在的全球性问题, 本研究建立的食品欺诈数据库为预防食品安全风险起到了重要的技术支撑作用。     

美国应对经济利益驱动型掺假和食品欺诈的经验及对我国的启示

食品欺诈自古就有,但是近年来随着食品供应链全球化和复杂化,以及商业竞争日趋激烈等原因,受经济利益驱动进行的食品掺假和欺诈活动愈演愈烈。美国是最早提出经济利益驱动型掺假概念的国家,并为应对经济利益驱动型掺假提出了一系列措施。本文首先将美国关于经济利益驱动型掺假和食品欺诈的定义进行了梳理,并将这两个概念与其他食品保护概念进行对比;其次,对比美国和中国经济利益驱动型掺假和食品欺诈的应对措施;最后,对我国应对经济利益型掺假和食品欺诈提出了四点建议。     

核磁共振波谱技术在食品掺假鉴别中的应用研究

核磁共振波谱技术具有快速无损、操作简单及重复性好等优点,近年来被广泛应用于食品掺假鉴别领域。利用核磁共振技术中的低场核磁、定量核磁以及杂核核磁等技术能够对掺假不同成分的牛乳(掺水、食盐、尿素、豆浆及复原乳等)、掺假低价值油(大豆油、玉米油等)的橄榄油、掺假的高价值米、蜂蜜、红酒等进行检测,结合统计学分析方法,包括主成分分析法、偏最小二乘判别法和相似分类法等可以实现对这些食品掺假成分的有效鉴别。本文就近年来核磁共振技术在国内外食品掺假鉴别中的应用研究进行综述,以推动核磁共振技术在食品质量安全检测领域的进一步应用,并为其它领域的掺假鉴别提供新的思路和方法。     

我国食品欺诈模式及其治理分析

正随着食品安全事件中食品欺诈事件的频频曝光,食品欺诈成为大家关注的问题。本文分析2010-2015年国家质检总局食品安全信息和召回通告、央视《每周质量报告》节目中的食品安全报道,通过官方通告和新闻报道两个角度的比照验证,归纳出我国国内食品欺诈行为的主要模式是违法添加非食用物质和滥用添加剂、食品掺假等,而进口食品欺诈的主要模式有     

基于美国药典委EMA数据库的全球经济利益驱动型掺假和食品欺诈分析

目的 分析全球范围内经济利益驱动型掺假(EMA)和食品欺诈信息,为建立符合我国国情的EMA数据库提供借鉴。方法 搜集美国药典委(USP)食品欺诈数据库的EMA信息,对1980-2018年在全球范围发生的4102条食品掺假事件作归类和统计分析。结果 掺假分为替代或稀释、人工增强、非法添加物、标签作假和产地作假等6个类型;EMA信息来源主要为学术文献(59.5%)、媒体报道(31.0%)和监管抽查(5.7%);欺诈事件发生率地区排名前三位为印度、中国、美国;按我国食品分类标准28类分析,食用油脂、乳制品、肉制品、酒类、调味品、饮料和蜂产品等7类产品占所有掺假食品类别的90%以上;牛奶、橄榄油和蜂蜜高居掺假食品产品前三,分别占13.1%、7.8%和6.9%;水产品、果品和蔬菜以及制品、饮料作物高居掺假农产品产品前四,分别占54.6%、11.0%、8.0%和7.6%;稀释或替代是最主要的掺假方式;目前最常用的掺假检测方法为高效液相色谱法和质谱法。结论 EMA是全球性的严重食品安全问题,EMA数据库是预防控制食品安全风险的重要技术支撑。     

Defining the public health threat of food fraud

Food fraud, including the more defined subcategory of economically motivated adulteration, is a food risk that is gaining recognition and concern. Regardless of the cause of the food risk, adulteration of food is both an industry and a government responsibility. Food safety, food fraud, and food defense incidents can create adulteration of food with public health threats. Food fraud is an intentional act for economic gain, whereas a food safety incident is an unintentional act with unintentional harm, and a food defense incident is an intentional act with intentional harm. Economically motivated adulteration may be just that-economically motivated-but the food-related public health risks are often more risky than traditional food safety threats because the contaminants are unconventional. Current intervention systems are not designed to look for a near infinite number of potential contaminants. The authors developed the core concepts reported here following comprehensive research of articles and reports, expert elicitation, and an extensive peer review. The intent of this research paper is to provide a base reference document for defining food fraud-it focuses specifically on the public health threat-and to facilitate a shift in focus from intervention to prevention. This will subsequently provide a framework for future quantitative or innovative research. The fraud opportunity is deconstructed using the criminology and behavioral science applications of the crime triangle and the chemistry of the crime. The research provides a food risk matrix and identifies food fraud incident types. This project provides a starting point for future food science, food safety, and food defense research. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Food fraud, including the more defined subcategory of economically motivated adulteration, is a food protection threat that has not been defined or holistically addressed. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led to the development of food defense as an autonomous area of study and a new food protection discipline. As economically motivated adulteration grows in scope, scale, and awareness, it is conceivable that food fraud will achieve the same status as an autonomous concept, between food safety and food defense. This research establishes a starting point for defining food fraud and identifying the public health risks.     

Tackling Fraudsters with Global Strategies to Expose Fraud in the Food Chain

Deliberate adulteration of food products is as old as food processing and production systems. Food adulteration is occurring increasingly often today. With globalization and complex distribution systems, adulteration may have a far‐reaching impact and even adverse consequences on well‐being. The means of the international community to confront and solve food fraud today are scattered and largely ineffective. A collective approach is needed to identify all stakeholders in the food supply chain, certify and qualify them, exclude those failing to meet applicable standards, and track food in a real time. This review provides some background into the drivers of fraudulent practices (economically motivated adulteration, food‐industry perspectives, and consumers’ perceptions of fraud) and discusses a wide range of the currently available technologies for detecting food adulteration followed by multivariate pattern recognition tools. Food chain integrity policies are discussed. Future directions in research, concerned not only with food adulterers but also with food safety and climate change, may be useful for researchers in developing interdisciplinary approaches to contemporary problems.     

Development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration from 1980 to 2010

Food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration are emerging risks, but a comprehensive compilation of information about known problematic ingredients and detection methods does not currently exist. The objectives of this research were to collect such information from publicly available articles in scholarly journals and general media, organize into a database, and review and analyze the data to identify trends. The results summarized are a database that will be published in the US Pharmacopeial Convention's Food Chemicals Codex, 8th edition, and includes 1305 records, including 1000 records with analytical methods collected from 677 references. Olive oil, milk, honey, and saffron were the most common targets for adulteration reported in scholarly journals, and potentially harmful issues identified include spices diluted with lead chromate and lead tetraoxide, substitution of Chinese star anise with toxic Japanese star anise, and melamine adulteration of high protein content foods. High-performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy were the most common analytical detection procedures, and chemometrics data analysis was used in a large number of reports. Future expansion of this database will include additional publically available articles published before 1980 and in other languages, as well as data outside the public domain. The authors recommend in-depth analyses of individual incidents. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This report describes the development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud issues from publicly available references. The database provides baseline information and data useful to governments, agencies, and individual companies assessing the risks of specific products produced in specific regions as well as products distributed and sold in other regions. In addition, the report describes current analytical technologies for detecting food fraud and identifies trends and developments.     

DNA条形码技术在食品鉴定中的应用

近年来,国内外不断出现有关食品掺假造假等食品安全问题的报道。产品与标签不符,肉类掺假,以次充好等商业欺诈问题影响着人们的利益与健康。食品掺假造假问题越来越受到重视,而传统的检测方法已不能满足食品鉴定的需要。DNA条形码技术是从分子水平上对食品进行鉴定,弥补了传统鉴定方法的不足,其准确、高效、简单的特点为食品鉴定领域带来了新的革命。本文在简要介绍DNA条形码研究现状的基础上,主要总结目前国内外关于DNA条形码技术在食品鉴定中的应用情况,包括在渔类产品、肉类产品、可食用植物、加工食品鉴定中的应用,最后讨论DNA条形码技术在食品鉴定中的优缺点以及发展趋势。     

食品真实性关键技术在监管科学领域的研究建议

食品真实性是食品安全的一个重要研究领域,也是食品安全战略发展的重要方面。本文提出了在综合监管科学范畴的监管模式下,通过监督管理科学化、技术化和规范化并结合真实性识别技术的研究,对潜在风险进行有效的技术鉴别;通过供应链脆弱性评估和多种技术甄别手段的研究,建立典型高值动植物食品的同位素、基因、多态性识别及整体检测等技术和食品供应链特性的脆弱性平台体系,从而解决食品真实性中多样性差异、循因手段匮缺、行为确定难等问题,为食品安全监管提供有效的科技支撑。随着各项鉴别技术的发展和真伪鉴别监管平台的建立,食品欺诈和真实性问题必将得到有效的解决。     

光谱法在食品掺假检测中的应用研究进展

食品掺假是影响食品安全的一个重要因素,除了需要有健全的法律法规外,食品安全的监管还需要依靠先进的技术手段。由于光谱法具有特征性强、快速、操作简单、样品状态不受限制等优点,被人们广泛用于食品掺假的检测中。对光谱法在各类食品体系掺假检测的具体应用方面进行了综述。     

Modern analytical methods for the detection of food fraud and adulteration by food category

This review provides current information on the analytical methods used to identify food adulteration in the six most adulterated food categories: animal origin and seafood, oils and fats, beverages, spices and sweet foods (e.g. honey), grain‐based food, and others (organic food and dietary supplements). The analytical techniques (both conventional and emerging) used to identify adulteration in these six food categories involve sensory, physicochemical, DNA‐based, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, and have been combined with chemometrics, making these techniques more convenient and effective for the analysis of a broad variety of food products. Despite recent advances, the need remains for suitably sensitive and widely applicable methodologies that encompass all the various aspects of food adulteration. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comprehensive analysis to determine the differences of solar salt produced in South Korea and China

Food Science and Biotechnology - Food fraud, including adulteration, addition, tampering, and misrepresentation of food ingredients and packaging for improper economic profit, has been global...