全细胞SELEX法筛选单增李斯特菌的ssDNA适配体

以单增李斯特菌活细胞为靶标,采用指数富集配基的系统进化技术(Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment,SELEX)从含40个随机碱基序列的单链DNA(single-stranded DNA,ss DNA)文库中筛选与之特异性结合的适配体。酶联配体吸附法(ELASA)测定筛选过程中次级文库与单增李斯特菌结合力的变化。对筛选得到的适配体进行序列测定,RNA structure软件预测二级结构,ELASA测定适配体与靶标的结合能力和特异性。结果显示,每轮筛选后次级文库与靶标的亲和力增强,特异性适配体逐步得到富集。测序获得23条适配体,其序列同源性不高,但预测的二级结构有些相似,根据二级结构将其分为3个群,分析结果表明二级结构与适配体的亲和力有关。挑选亲和力较强的21号(Lma-21)和35号(Lma-35)适配体能特异性地识别单增李斯特菌。本研究为开发食源性病原菌单增李斯特菌的新型检测试剂提供了基础材料。     

免疫磁性糊精微球的制备及快速分离检测单增李斯特菌

研究免疫磁性糊精微球的制备及在快速分离检测单增李斯特菌中的应用。将磁性糊精微球由环氧氯丙烷活化后,与抗体交联制得免疫磁性糊精微球,通过单因素和正交试验对合成条件进行优化。再利用合成好的免疫磁性糊精微球捕获单増李斯特菌,在外加磁场的作用下,富集免疫磁性糊精微球,提取细菌DNA,经过PCR扩增后,进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳。结果表明:活化反应的最佳条件,环氧氯丙烷用量0.4 mL/g,NaOH浓度2.0 mol/L,最佳反应时间5 h;制备免疫磁性糊精微球的最优合成条件:抗体质量浓度1.0 mg/mL,反应温度28℃,反应时间2.5 h;捕获单增李斯特菌时,免疫磁性糊精微球的最佳用量100μL、最佳捕获时间1 h。通过研究得出免疫磁性糊精微球可以快速捕获单增李斯特菌,并能扩增出特异性产物,检出限达到每mL菌液中10个单增李斯特菌。     

单增李斯特菌免疫磁珠的制备研究

目的:制备可高效、特异地分离单增李斯特菌的免疫磁珠。探讨羧基修饰磁珠与多克隆抗体的不同偶联条件和免疫磁珠捕获单增李斯特菌的能力。方法:以单增李斯特菌作为抗原,免疫新西兰兔,获得兔源多克隆抗体,鉴定其与单增李斯特菌体的结合能力;选择6种不同的偶联缓冲溶液,设置了6个主要偶联时间和6组偶联温度,通过比较磁珠与抗体偶联后上清中剩余的抗体量来确定最佳偶联条件。结果:制备的多克隆抗体效价为1.3×105,该抗体与单增李斯特菌体有较好的结合,抗体与1mg羧基修饰磁珠在pH6.0的0.01mol/L一水吗啉乙磺酸缓冲溶液(MES)中,37℃偶联2h,偶联抗体的量为160μg;制得的免疫磁珠的捕获率可达77.0%。结论:获得羧基磁珠与抗体偶联的最佳条件,该免疫磁珠用于食品中单增李斯特菌的检测,与常规的平皿增菌培养显色法比较,检测时间至少缩短20h。     

基于CRISPR-Cas13的单增李斯特菌RNA快速检测方法的建立

为实现食品中单增李斯特菌污染的快速检测,本研究构建了一种基于CRISPR-Cas系统和Broccoli适配体的RNA均相检测技术。利用Cas 13与cr RNA锚定序列结合形成识别元件cr RNA-Cas13复合物,靶标RNA存在时可激活Cas 13的非特异性RNase活性,并利用点亮型RNA适配体Broccoli作为信号探针,监测cr RNA此-Cas13的活化状态。荧光值的变化与单增李斯特菌浓度存在线性关系,利用来检测单增李斯特菌。本研究所构建的检测可在30min内完成对于单增李斯特菌的的识别与检测,检出限为148CFU/m L,对细菌具有良好的检测特异性,可区分大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌。在牛奶模型中单增李斯特菌的加标回收率为95.15%～97.99%。该方法具有较好的灵敏度、特异性,可直接靶向检测致病菌RNA,无需逆转录、PCR扩增和核酸标记,简化了实验流程,对于实现食品中单增李斯特菌的现场检测及生物安全控制具有重要意义。     

酵母菌促进单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的生长

为了缩短单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(单增李斯特氏菌)的前增菌时间,提升检测效率,本研究将酵母菌(ATCC9763)作为一种生长促进剂加入到单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的前增菌培养基(LB1)中,结果表明添加适量的酵母菌可以使单增生李斯特氏菌的生长速度提升近100%,并且这种促进作用与培养过程中酵母菌的接种量、培养基的溶氧量以及培养方式密切相关。根据酵母菌的生长特性分析,这种促进作用产生的原因很有可能是由于酵母菌在生长过程中发酵分解了培养基中的糖类等营养物质,改善了单增李斯特氏菌的营养条件,从而提高了单增李斯特氏菌的繁殖速度。本研究为缩短单增李斯特氏菌检测的富集培养时间,提高检测效率奠定了很好的基础,同时也侧面提示我们要关注发酵类食品遭受单增李斯特氏菌污染的食品安全风险。     

基于SnO_2纳米花气体传感器快速检测牛奶中的单增李斯特菌

以单增李斯特菌特征性代谢物3-羟基-2-丁酮为检测靶点,水热法合成与之匹配的敏感材料,制备出单增李斯特菌特异检测半导体气体传感器。采用X射线衍射和透射电子显微镜手段对材料的结构和形貌进行表征。并分析传感器对3-羟基-2-丁酮标准气体的气敏性能及其在牛奶中单增李斯特菌的检测效果。结果表明,本研究合成的SnO_2材料为纳米花结构。制备出的单增李斯特菌特异检测半导体气体传感器对3-羟基-2-丁酮灵敏度高、响应恢复时间短、选择性和稳定性好。用于检测单增李斯特菌时,传感器的灵敏度与细菌浓度呈现出良好的线性关系,线性方程为lg(S-1)=0.198 3lg C-0.472 5(R~2=0.990 1)。本方法快速灵敏、操作简便,可用于食品中单增李斯特菌的快速检测。     

基于核酸适配体结合纳米金模拟酶用于单增李斯特菌的快速检测

利用纳米金模拟酶在一定条件下能够催化过氧化氢氧化3,3′,5,5′-四甲基联苯胺发生颜色反应,同时结合特异性高、亲和力强的核酸适配体建立了单增李斯特菌快速检测方法。通过对实验条件进行优化,建立了单增李斯特菌浓度与特定波长下吸光度值之间的关系式。线性回归方程为y=0.0321 x+0.0248,R^2=0.9963,检出限约为5 CFU/mL,实际样品测定的回收率为93.5%~105.4%,相对标准偏差小于10%。该文方法特异性强、操作简单、成本低,能快速对食品中单增李斯特菌进行定量检测。     

单增李斯特菌RT-LAMP快速检测方法的建立

建立一种可快速检测单增李斯特菌的反转录-环介导等温扩增方法。针对单增李斯特菌的李氏溶血素基因(hly)设计多组引物,经引物筛选和配比优化,建立检测单增李斯特菌的实时荧光RT-LAMP方法,并通过菌株特异性、灵敏度和人工污染脱脂乳样品中的检出限对该方法进行评价。该方法特异性良好, 26株菌株中仅三株单增李斯特菌检出阳性;检测灵敏度高,对单增李斯特菌的菌悬液灵敏度为10~1 CFU/mL,是RT-qPCR方法检测灵敏度的10倍。人工污染样品直接检测的检出限为10~3 CFU/mL,而对样品增菌16 h后,单增李斯特菌的检出限提高到10~0 CFU/25 mL。所建立的RT-LAMP方法可以快速、准确地检测单增李斯特菌,操作简便,适合应急和现场监测使用。     

均一性二氧化钛纳米粒子的制备北大核心

通过Ti(SO_4)_2溶液的水解得到TiO_2粒子,以4.5代的树枝状大分子聚酰胺-胺(G4.5PAMAM)为模板,借助PAMAM分子内部空腔的络合效应和空间位阻效应固定TiO_2纳米粒子,合成出尺寸大小均一的TiO_2纳米粒子。研究了温度和反应时间对产物络合产率、结构以及形貌等的影响,确定了合成粒径均一的TiO_2纳米粒子的最佳反应温度和反应时间。并用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、热失重(TGA)技术对产物的结构和性能进行了表征,TEM结果表明:以G4.5PAMAM分子为模板,合成出了颗粒尺寸均一、大小为10nm的纳米TiO_2粒子。     

均一性二氧化钛纳米粒子的制备

通过Ti(SO_4)_2溶液的水解得到TiO_2粒子,以4.5代的树枝状大分子聚酰胺-胺(G4.5PAMAM)为模板,借助PAMAM分子内部空腔的络合效应和空间位阻效应固定TiO_2纳米粒子,合成出尺寸大小均一的TiO_2纳米粒子。研究了温度和反应时间对产物络合产率、结构以及形貌等的影响,确定了合成粒径均一的TiO_2纳米粒子的最佳反应温度和反应时间。并用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、热失重(TGA)技术对产物的结构和性能进行了表征,TEM结果表明:以G4.5PAMAM分子为模板,合成出了颗粒尺寸均一、大小为10nm的纳米TiO_2粒子。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.