燕麦复合火腿肠的感官、质构及保水特性研究

为了探索燕麦粉添加量对燕麦复合火腿肠品质特性的影响,分别对复合火腿肠进行感官评定及质构测定(质构剖面分析),并对这两种评价测定方法的结果进行相关性分析,同时也对复合火腿肠的保水特性进行测定。感官和质构测定结果表明:燕麦粉添加量为14%时,复合火腿肠具有较理想的质构,感官总体接受性好;质构测定硬度与感官评定硬度呈显著相关性(r=0.898),质构测定黏聚性与感官评定硬度、弹性呈显著相关性(r分别为-0.863和-0.825)。保水性测定结果表明:随着燕麦粉添加量的增加,复合火腿肠保水能力逐渐上升(94.33%～94.83%),当添加量达到17%以后,保水能力变化不大,增加趋势平缓,可以看出,燕麦粉的添加可能有利于提高复合火腿肠的保水性。因此,将适量的燕麦粉与肉品复合可以制作出能被消费者接受、质构和保水性很好的燕麦复合火腿肠。     

鱼骨粉添加量对鮰鱼鱼肉火腿肠色度、质构及感官特性的影响

研究添加鱼骨粉对鮰鱼鱼肉火腿肠品质的影响。采用梯度添加鱼骨粉的方法制作鱼肉火腿肠,并对其色度和质构进行测定,同时进行感官评定。结果表明：鱼骨粉添加量为2%时,白度值下降显著(P＜0.05) ;鱼肉火腿肠的硬度、咀嚼性随着鱼骨粉添加量的增多而增大,弹性变小;当添加量为2.5%时,鱼肉火腿肠的硬度、咀嚼度和弹性变化趋势极显著(P＜0.01),但黏聚性变化不明显;随着鱼骨粉添加量的增加,鱼肉火腿肠切面较粗糙,咀嚼时颗粒感较强,当鱼骨粉添加量为3%时鱼肉火腿肠总体可接受度较差。综合考虑,鱼骨粉添加量为1.5%时,鱼肉火腿肠色度和质构较好,感官总体可接受度高。     

市售台湾烤肠质地及色泽分析研究

研究对市售的14种台湾烤肠进行了感官评定、TPA质构特性检测、色差仪Lab值检测,并将感官评定结果与TPA质构特性进行了相关性分析。结果表明,不管是感官评定还是仪器测试的参数,反映出的14种样品的品质有一定的差异;TPA质构特性硬度与感官评定测定的硬度、粘聚性、咀嚼性达到了极显著相关;TPA质构特性硬度与感官评定测定的嫩度达到了显著相关;TPA质构特性咀嚼性与感官评定测定的硬度、粘聚性、咀嚼性达到了极显著相关;TPA质构特性咀嚼性与感官评定测定的嫩度达到了显著相关。     

燕麦粉对小麦面团特性及饼干品质的影响

为研究添加燕麦粉对面团特性和饼干品质的影响,测定不同添加量燕麦粉面团特性,饼干质构特性、感官评价及营养成分指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加燕麦粉的面团硬度增大,黏聚性、黏着性先增大后减小。频率扫描结果符合幂律模型且拟合度良好,随着燕麦粉的添加量增加,混合面团G′和G″增大,损耗因子tanδ减小。燕麦粉添加量在30%以下时,对照组的G′和G″大于添加燕麦粉的面团,面团变软,延展性增大。燕麦粉添加量大于30%时,对照组的G′和G″小于添加燕麦粉的面团,说明燕麦粉增加了面团的黏弹性,降低面团流动性。蠕变-回复结果符合伯格斯模型且拟合度良好。燕麦粉添加量30%时,Rc回复性最大。燕麦饼干的硬度和咀嚼性逐渐增大,弹性降低,燕麦粉添加量在30%时感官评分最好。与普通饼干相比,燕麦饼干蛋白质含量、膳食纤维、灰分显著提高,且碱度、水分符合GB/T 20980—2007《饼干》中的要求。     

添加燕麦对半干面储藏稳定性的影响

将燕麦以不同比例添加到半干面中,测定半干面的菌落总数、脂肪酸值和质构特性,研究了燕麦对半干面储藏稳定性的影响。结果表明,随着储藏时间增加,半干面的菌落总数和脂肪酸值不断上升.随着燕麦添加量(质量分数)增加(10%,30%,50%,70%和100%),半干面菌落总数显著下降(P0.05),初始脂肪酸值显著增加(P0.05)。50%添加量时,货架期比对照组延长了29.4%;质构结果显示,30%以上添加量时,硬度和咀嚼性显著下降(P0.05)。对燕麦籽粒进行真空微波处理,籽粒脂肪酸值和菌落总数分别降低44.9%和82.5%.与对照组相比,微波处理后,50%燕麦添加量制作的半干面,在储藏中脂肪酸值和菌落总数都显著降低(P0.05),储藏48 h时,菌落总数降低了0.23 lg(CFU/g),脂肪酸值降低了57.7%,并且硬度和咀嚼性极显著增大(P0.01),改善了燕麦半干面的储藏稳定性。     

几种淀粉在火腿肠中的应用研究

研究糯米淀粉、玉米淀粉、红薯淀粉对火腿肠的品质特性的影响,比较了产品在嫩度、保水性、感官、质构4个方面的差异。结果表明:相同的条件下,添加糯米淀粉制作的火腿肠在嫩度和保水性都优于另外两种,通过感官和质构的综合分析得知添加糯米淀粉的火腿肠在硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性和回复性4个方面较好。     

添加挤压膨化燕麦粉对小麦面团性质及面包品质的影响

为研究添加挤压膨化燕麦粉对小麦面团性质及面包品质的影响,将挤压膨化燕麦粉和燕麦生粉分别按照0%,8%,16%,24%和32%的比例添加到高筋小麦粉中,通过Mixolab2混合实验仪和质构仪测定面团的热机械学性质和拉伸特性,用扫描电子显微镜观察面团的微观结构。利用直接发酵法制作面包,测定面包的比容、全质构和硬化速率,并进行感官评价。结果表明,与添加相同量的燕麦生粉相比,添加挤压膨化燕麦粉后面团吸水率和稳定时间增加,面团的回生值、黏度、黏度崩解值和拉伸弹性降低。电镜结果表明,添加挤压膨化燕麦粉阻碍面筋结构的形成。添加挤压膨化燕麦粉后面包的比容和硬化速率下降,硬度、咀嚼性、弹性及回复性增加。当挤压膨化燕麦粉添加量为8%和16%时,感官评分高于添加相同量的燕麦生粉面包。     

湿热物理改性红小豆全粉的添加量对火腿肠质构和色度的影响

应用TA.XT2质构仪、感官评价和Hunterlab色度仪,研究了湿热物理改性红小豆全粉的添加量对火腿肠质构和色度的影响。结果表明:随着红小豆全粉的添加量增加(2%~6%),火腿肠的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性显著增加(p0.05),而火腿肠的胶粘性无明显变化;Hunterlab测定的L*值和a*值随着红小豆全粉添加量的增加而显著增加(p0.05),而b*值变化很小。感官评价的T测验结果表明,添加6.0%红小豆全粉火腿肠的风味、香气、色泽、总体接受性方面优于无添加红小豆全粉的火腿肠。     

淀粉对苦荞复合火腿肠和肉丸凝胶特性的影响

研究了淀粉对苦荞复合火腿肠和肉丸的凝胶保水性、嫩度、粘度等凝胶特性的影响。结果表明:玉米淀粉添加量对苦荞复合火腿肠凝胶保水性(WHC)的影响并不十分显著;玉米淀粉的添加量为4 g时,其嫩度最好。苦荞麦粉与玉米淀粉的比例分别为3∶12和9∶6时,苦荞复合肉丸的WHC出现最低值和最高值;对苦荞复合肉丸感官的影响则表现出硬度、咀嚼性、多汁性、弹性和粘聚性不同程度的变化。     

降低食盐添加量对火腿肠的感官、质构及保水特性的影响

为研制低钠盐火腿肠,研究降低食盐添加量对火腿肠质量的影响。设置6个不同的食盐添加量梯度(以原料猪肉质量为基准计)：3%(对照)、2.5%、2.0%、1.5%、1.0%、0.5%,分别对产品的水分活度、保水性和质构进行测定,同时进行感官评分。结果表明：随着食盐添加量的降低,火腿肠的水分活度逐渐升高,而保水性逐渐下降;质构测定显示,产品的硬度、咀嚼度、黏聚性也随着食盐添加量的下降而降低,当食盐添加量极低时,这种下降趋势很明显,但弹性却变化不大;感官评定结果表明,随着食盐添加量的降低,火腿肠颜色变浅,切面粗糙,咸味下降,当食盐添加量降低到1.0%时不易被接受。因此,食盐对猪肉火腿肠的感官、质构和保水性等有着重要的作用,本研究为进一步调整配方开发低钠盐火腿肠提供了重要参考。     

Sugar reduction in chocolate compound by replacement with flours containing small insoluble starch granules

Consumer concern about intake of added sugars has increased commercial demand for sugar-reduced chocolates. However, substitution with high-potency sweeteners is not possible as sugar serves as an important bulking agent. Here, we investigated replacement of sucrose in chocolate compound with oat or rice flours, with starch granules smaller than 10 µm, focusing on texture, sweetness, and acceptability. In Study 1, six chocolates were made: a control with 54% sucrose, four sucrose-reduced versions (reductions of 25% or 50%, using either oat or sweet rice flour), and one 54% sucrose chocolate with reduced refining time. These chocolates were compared in a Difference from Control (DFC) test in a within-subject design, with and without nose clips. Particle size distribution, yield stress, and plastic viscosity were measured. Chocolates with 25% sucrose reduction by either sweet rice or oat flour (or reduced refining time) were not significantly different from the blind control (p > 0.05), regardless of nose clip use. In open-ended comments, participants reported differences in rice-flour-containing chocolates were due to a chalkier texture, while oat-flour-containing chocolates were described as smoother, softer, and creamier. DFC scores from the chocolates were positively correlated with plastic viscosity and negatively correlated with yield stress. In Study 2, 25% reduced sugar chocolates made with rice flour were liked significantly less than control, but the oat flour sample did not differ from control. Collectively, these results suggest up to 25% of sucrose in chocolate can be replaced with oat flour without negatively affecting texture or consumer acceptance.     

High-Protein Oat Flour Functionality Assessment in Bread and Sausage

The effectiveness of high-protein oat flour, a by-product of an oat starch process, was studied in bread baking and sausage processing. Its impact on sensory properties of products was assessed. High-protein oat flour enhanced water absorption and mixing stability of the dough. Some weakening of dough was found as indicated by a decrease in extensibility and resistance. Addition of oat flour increased loaf volume, enlarged grain size and darkened crumb color. It also caused some off-odors assessed as a decrease in “cleanness” of aroma. Sausages containing high-protein oat flour formed an external gel-like layer under the casing during processing, probably caused by the low pH of the flour. In sensory analyses the sausages were judged less firm and juicy than the control. The “cleanness” of odor and flavor of the sausages was distinctively diminished. Cereal products should be considered the primary products for utilization of high-protein oat flour.     

Application of by-products from industrial processing of potato flour and yellow peas as ingredients in low-fat high-fibre sausages

Experiments using dry potato pulp from processing of potato flour, and pea flour from processing of yellow peas as raw materials for processing of low-fat high-fibre sausages were carried out. Color and texture were measured using objective methods and the approximate content of energy was calculated. A 1:1 mixture of potato pulp and pea flour hydrated with 7:1 vegetable soup resulted in sausages with a delicious flavor and texture and an attractive external and internal color. The percentage of fat energy was reduced from 68% in the standard sausages to 24% in the low-fat high-fibre sausages. Factor analysis showed that 96% of the data variation in results from measurement of texture could be attributed to factors of high loadings for hardness, energy, modulus and gumminess. Cohesiveness, modulus, energy, hardness and gumminess were the most important factors. Results from studies of the effect of exchange of meat with water showed patterns similar to the pattern between texture characteristics and dry matter. It was theorized that hardness depended on two gelling processes. The texture patterns were associated to salt and dry matter.     

鹰嘴豆粉添加量对低温鱼肉香肠品质特性的影响

为开发富含膳食纤维的低温鱼肉香肠,以鹰嘴豆粉、草鱼肉为实验材料,设计单因素试验,研究不同添加量鹰嘴豆粉对鱼肉香肠质构、色泽、凝胶强度、持水率及蒸煮损失率等品质特性的影响。结果表明：添加鹰嘴豆粉对鱼肉香肠的质构特性、色泽、凝胶强度及保水性均产生影响,鹰嘴豆粉添加量0%～10%时,鱼肉香肠的硬度、咀嚼性、凝胶强度和持水率出现先上升后下降趋势,其中鹰嘴豆粉添加量6%时达到最大值,而蒸煮损失率、亮度值和白度显著减小（P＜0.05）,鹰嘴豆粉添加量大于6%时蒸煮损失率下降趋于平缓。综上可知,鹰嘴豆粉可以影响低温鱼肉香肠食用品质,在鹰嘴豆粉添加量为6%时,各项指标均趋于理想范围,因此鹰嘴豆粉的最佳添加量为6%。鱼肉香肠中添加适量鹰嘴豆粉不仅能改善香肠品质,还能赋予鱼肉香肠鹰嘴豆特有风味。     

预糊化处理对高含量燕麦挂面品质的影响

为研究燕麦预糊化处理对高含量燕麦挂面品质的影响,本文采用蒸制、挤压膨化和滚筒干燥对燕麦进行预糊化处理,分析不同类型与添加量的预糊化燕麦粉对混合粉(燕麦粉总量为70%)糊化特性及挂面力学特性、蒸煮品质和煮后面条质构特性的影响。结果表明,随着预糊化粉添加量升高,混合粉的室温粘度增大;混合粉的热粘度与蒸制燕麦粉(SOF)添加量成正相关,与挤压预糊化粉(EOF)和滚筒预糊化粉(DOF)添加量成负相关。SOF添加量为70%时,燕麦挂面品质最好;而EOF和DOF添加量为8.75%时,挂面品质最好。相比之下,前者的弹性模量、断裂应力、断裂位移、咀嚼性更大,黏附性、蒸煮损失率更小。综上,添加预糊化粉可以改善挂面品质,采用SOF制备的燕麦挂面品质最佳。     

复配膳食纤维对低盐香肠食用品质的影响

以猪肉香肠为研究对象,研究低盐条件下（竹盐添加量1.75%）复配膳食纤维（低聚果糖、菊粉、燕麦粉质量比1∶2∶1）完全替代淀粉对低盐香肠食用品质的影响。以感官评价、质构特性、蒸煮损失和色泽等食用品质为评价指标,确定低盐条件下复配膳食纤维的最佳添加量,并与1.75%精制盐淀粉香肠、复配膳食纤维香肠比较食用品质差异。结果表明：添加8%复配膳食纤维的竹盐香肠总体可接受性最高,香肠组织致密、切面整齐、呈肉红色、香味浓郁、鲜美多汁、质地柔软且富有弹性;复配膳食纤维添加量为5%、11%、14%时,香肠总体可接受性相对较差,风味稍差;复配膳食纤维的添加量由5%增加至14%,蒸煮损失由11.28%减小至8.38%;用复配膳食纤维替代淀粉,香肠质地变软,风味、口感评分增加,蒸煮损失由5.71%增加至9.07%。综上可知,复配膳食纤维添加量影响香肠食用品质,添加8%复配膳食纤维的竹盐香肠食用品质最高。     

燕麦粉添加量对马铃薯—燕麦复合面团特性的影响

目的:研究添加燕麦粉对马铃薯—燕麦复合面团特性的影响,确定适宜的燕麦粉和马铃薯配比。方法:选取了5种不同比例的燕麦粉(15%,20%,25%,30%,35%),对燕麦—马铃薯复合面团的色差、微观结构、质构特性、流变特性、糊化特性进行测定,并进行感官评价。结果:随着燕麦粉添加量的增加,复合面团的颜色逐渐变红变暗;复合面团内部微观结构越来越紧密;硬度逐渐增加;动态频率扫描过程中不同添加量复合面团弹性模量、黏性模量先上升、后下降、再上升,损耗因子先上升后下降。复合面团的起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度、终止糊化温度先减小再增大。感官评定显示：燕麦粉添加量在20%～25%范围内,总体得分均比对其他添加量的复合面团要高,更易被消费者接受。结论:制备马铃薯—燕麦复合面团时,燕麦粉适宜添加量为20%～25%。     

基于大豆-鸡肉复合酶解物替代配方制备鸡肉肠及其品质的变化

为探究大豆-鸡肉复合酶解物（Soybean-chicken Hydrolysate,SCH）部分替代鸡胸肉和氯化钠（Sodium Chloride,NaCl）对鸡肉火腿肠品质特性的影响及其替代方案的可行性,该研究以不同大豆-鸡肉复合酶解物替代量制备火腿肠为研究对象,对其主要成分含量、热稳定性、质构、感官品质和储藏稳定性进行系统分析,并结合正交实验,优化出鸡肉火腿肠的最佳复合配方。结果表明：大豆-鸡肉复合酶解物部分替代鸡胸肉和NaCl能显著提升鸡肉肠的风味、咀嚼特性与储藏品质,其中鲜味和鸡肉香气提升约15%和20%,咀嚼性同比提高71.86%。SCH最佳替代量分别为20%鸡胸肉和17% NaCl,总添加量（干基）占鸡肉肠总重2.0%。以最优配方制得的鸡肉肠营养健康（蛋白含量15.82%,钠盐含量1.59%）、风味佳（鲜味突出且鸡肉香味浓郁,感官评分91.04）、质构适中（硬度6 416.63 N,咀嚼性3 974.41 N）、储藏稳定性强（TBARS值0.37 mg MDA/kg,菌落总数1.78 lg CFU/g）,达到了优质鸡肉肠水平。由此可见,以大豆-鸡肉复合酶解物部分替代鸡肉肠原辅料具有一定可行性,且对鸡肉肠的品质改善具有积极作用。     

莜麦馒头配方研究

莜麦具有较高的营养价值和保健功能,以面团及莜麦馒头pH、莜麦馒头含水量、质构和感官评分为指标进行评价,研究了莜麦馒头的配方,结果表明:添加适量的莜麦粉可改善馒头的风味和质构,提高馒头的含水量,且对面团中酵母活性几乎无影响。莜麦馒头的最佳配方为:莜麦粉与小麦粉的最佳混合比例为15/85,加水量为75%,酵母和CMC-Na的添加量分别为0.5%和0.08%,该配方下制备的莜麦馒头莜麦风味浓郁,品质较好。