玉米朊脱色用活性炭的筛选及其脱色工艺的优化

针对现有玉米朊脱色技术研究中存在的不足,首先建立了玉米朊脱色效果的科学评价方法;其次,以玉米朊保留率和色素残存率为综合评价指标,对不同来源的商用活性炭产品进行了筛选;在此基础上,对影响活性炭脱色效果的因素如脱色时间、脱色温度等工艺参数进行了优化。结果表明,不同厂家生产的活性炭脱色效果存在显著差异,其中活性炭P的脱色效果最佳。优化的脱色工艺参数为:脱色时间1.5 h、固液比1∶75、玉米朊质量浓度40 mg/mL、脱色温度35℃、乙醇体积分数90%、溶液pH 7.0、脱色次数1次。验证试验表明,脱色溶液中玉米朊保留率为67.28%,色素残存率为21.07%,每毫克玉米朊中色素含量为4.609×10-2μg。     

L-亮氨酸脱色工艺研究

采用活性炭对L-亮氨酸洗脱液的粗结晶溶液进行了脱色研究,考察了活性炭用量、pH值、脱色温度、料液浓度、脱色时间等工艺条件对脱色效果的影响,确立了最佳的工艺条件为活性炭加入量2％,脱色温度60℃,发酵液pH值为4．5,脱色时间为20min。     

猪血粉酶解液脱色工艺研究

利用活性炭对猪血粉酶解液进行脱色,研究了活性炭用量、pH值、脱色温度和吸附时间对猪血粉酶解液脱色效果的影响。试验结果表明:活性炭对猪血粉酶解液具有理想的脱色效果,最佳脱色工艺参数为活性炭用量2.5%,pH 4.0,脱色温度60℃,吸附时间1.0h,在此最佳脱色工艺条件下脱色率达92.20%,同时氮损失率为10.42%。     

梅花鹿胎盘水解液脱色效果的研究

梅花鹿胎盘酶解液有较重的色素。试验采用活性炭对鹿胎盘酶解液进行脱色,研究了不同pH值、活性炭用量、温度、脱色时间下活性炭对鹿胎盘酶解液的脱色效果的影响。由正交试验得出最佳工艺条件为pH值3.0、活性炭用量为2%、温度为40℃、脱色时间为100min,在此条件下鹿胎盘酶解液脱色率为87.77%,蛋白质损失率为40.23%。     

L-缬氨酸发酵液脱色工艺的研究

本文探讨了活性炭对经金属膜分离得到的L-缬氨酸（L-γa1）发酵液脱色效果的影响,并考察了脱色过程中主要影响因素。以活性炭用量、发酵液pH、脱色温度、脱色时间为考察因素,色素去除率和L-缬氨酸回收率为考察指标,采用正交试验法对脱色工艺进行优化,确立了最佳的工艺条件为：活性炭用量2%,脱色料液pH5.4,脱色温度50℃,脱色时间20min,料液浓度35g/L~60g/L。     

米渣酸水解及脱色工艺研究

研究了食用盐酸水解米渣的工艺条件,通过单因素实验及正交实验,得到酸水解的最佳作用条件是水解时间11h、料液比1∶7、盐酸浓度6mol/L,各因素的影响作用大小是水解时间>料液比>酸浓度。糖用活性炭的最佳脱色条件是活性炭用量8%、室温、脱色时间2min,在此条件下脱色率可以达到99.5%。     

红松松塔多糖活性炭法脱色工艺的研究

摸索红松松塔粗多糖脱色工艺条件,为松塔粗多糖的纯化提供理论依据.实验采用活性炭法对红松松塔多糖进行脱色研究,利用单因素和正交试验研究了活性炭浓度、脱色温度、脱色时间和pH值对松塔粗多糖脱色工艺的影响.研究结果,表明活性炭法最佳脱色工艺条件为活性炭浓度1.5％、时间60min、温度50℃和pH值3.本研究为红松松塔多糖的进一步纯化提供了科学依据,为松塔的开发利用奠定理论基础.     

活性炭微观结构对玉米朊脱色效果的影响

为研究国内外活性炭在玉米朊脱色过程中吸附色素特性的差异,以玉米朊的乙醇萃取溶液和商业玉米朊 产品乙醇复溶溶液为研究对象,分别采用国产活性炭（ACP）和进口活性炭（ACD）对比研究其对玉米朊的脱色效 果,并对活性炭的微观结构进行表征。静态吸附实验结果表明,活性炭对玉米朊复溶溶液和萃取液的脱色效果没有 明显差异;ACP对玉米朊溶液中色素的吸附率（77.31%）略高于ACD（67.27%）。扫描电子显微镜分析表明,ACP 结构向内延伸而ACD表面凹陷孔结构不明显;比表面积和孔隙结构分析表明,ACP的比表面积（1 438.082 m2/g） 和总孔容积（1.310 cm3/g）大于ACD（779.809 m2/g、0.626 cm3/g）,且ACP具有更多的微孔和中孔结构。ACD表 面含有较多的羧酸和内酯类官能团,可与色素分子中的羟基结合,从而有效增强活性炭的化学吸附效果。ACD粒 径分布更加集中,有利于脱色后的固-液分离。综合以上因素考虑,ACD更适合用于黄色玉米朊的脱色处理。     

营养性双糖——麦芽糖脱色工艺优化

麦芽糖是一种营养性双糖,采用粉末活性炭为脱色剂,以麦芽糖液的脱色率为考察指标,对其脱色工艺进行了研究,通过单因素实验和正交实验对麦芽糖脱色条件进行了优化,确定最佳的脱色工艺条件是活性炭用量2.5%(m/m)、脱色温度80℃、脱色时间20 min、pH值3.6,此时活性炭对麦芽糖液的脱色率为85.98%.     

甜菊糖溶液活性炭脱色工艺研究

为解决甜菊糖产品的颜色问题,选用活性炭对甜菊糖苷溶液进行脱色,并对甜菊糖溶液的脱色率和甜菊糖的损失率进行研究。先通过单因素试验初步确定活性炭的添加条件及添加量,在脱色效果达到的情况下针对甜菊糖的损失率进行正交试验,对活性炭添加比例、溶液温度、吸附时间、pH值对溶液脱色率和甜菊糖损失率的影响进行试验,证明各种因素对脱色效果和甜菊糖损失的影响不同,活性炭的添加比例影响因素最大,其次是时间,再次是温度,影响最小的是pH值。单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳工艺条件为:最佳活性炭添加比例为1%,最佳温度10℃,最佳时间为0.5h,最佳pH值为7.0,产品吸光值达到标准要求,甜菊糖损失率为2.72%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.