三主桁断面车-桥气动特性的风洞试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

为研究三主桁断面车-桥组合系统的气动特性。以某大跨度斜拉桥为工程背景,采用节段模型风洞试验,通过开发的车-桥气动力同步测试装置对车-桥组合状态下各自的气动力进行测试,研究了线路位置、双车交会间距、风攻角等因素对车-桥系统气动特性的影响,分析紊流来流对车-桥气动特性的影响,并讨论列车气动导纳的特征。结果表明:由于绕流剪切层的影响,靠近迎风侧车辆阻力系数大于其他线路,线路2上列车的升力系数最大;双车交会时,背风侧车辆的阻力系数和升力系数随交会间距的增大而增大;受桁架自身绕流的影响,紊流来流对列车气动力功率谱影响较小;阻力和升力的气动导纳随折减频率呈现先增后减的趋势。     

某大跨度公铁两用桁架斜拉桥车桥系统三分力系数风洞试验研究

为研究复杂交通状态下车桥系统的气动特性,对某大跨度公铁两用桁架斜拉桥进行了节段模型风洞试验。测试了不同风攻角下单列车、两列车、三列车通过时车桥系统的三分力。研究了线路位置、桥塔、公路车流、双车及三车交会对车辆和桁梁三分力系数的影响。结果表明:当单列车从迎风侧线路向背风侧线路移动时,车辆和桁梁的阻力系数逐渐减小,但车辆的升力系数及桁梁的力矩系数在背风侧轨道达到最大;当列车通过桥塔,受遮挡车辆的平均表面风压会显著减小,当其位于迎风侧轨道时影响最明显,但在靠近桥塔边缘处的表面风压波动较为剧烈;双车交会时,车辆的阻力和升力系数随交会间距的增大而增大;三车交会时,位于迎风侧列车后方的车辆阻力和升力系数显著下降,中间车的升力系数最小且阻力系数为负数;随着桥上列车数量的增加,桁梁的阻力和升力系数逐渐增大,而力矩系数基本保持不变。     

六线双层铁路钢桁桥车桥系统气动特性风洞试验研究

为研究多线双层铁路桥梁车辆与桥梁的气动特性,利用三分力分离装置-交叉滑槽系统,对某六线双层大跨铁路斜拉桥进行节段模型风洞试验。测试了不同车桥组合下车辆与桥梁各自的气动力,研究了单列车的位置、双车同层交会、双车上下层共存时车辆和桥梁气动特性的相互影响,并讨论了风攻角对上层车辆气动力的影响。试验结果表明,当车辆位于桥梁断面不同位置时,车辆气动力差异较大;由于上层桥面宽度较大,气流经过桥梁断面前缘分离后,再附着于较靠后的背风侧车辆,导致背风侧车辆的阻力系数更大;双层车辆共存时,当两者同处于迎风侧,气动力有明显的相互影响;风攻角对背风侧车辆的气动力影响显著。     

六线双层铁路钢桁桥车桥系统气动特性风洞试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

为研究多线双层铁路桥梁车辆与桥梁的气动特性,利用三分力分离装置-交叉滑槽系统,对某六线双层大跨铁路斜拉桥进行节段模型风洞试验。测试了不同车桥组合下车辆与桥梁各自的气动力,研究了单列车的位置、双车同层交会、双车上下层共存时车辆和桥梁气动特性的相互影响,并讨论了风攻角对上层车辆气动力的影响。试验结果表明,当车辆位于桥梁断面不同位置时,车辆气动力差异较大;由于上层桥面宽度较大,气流经过桥梁断面前缘分离后,再附着于较靠后的背风侧车辆,导致背风侧车辆的阻力系数更大;双层车辆共存时,当两者同处于迎风侧,气动力有明显的相互影响;风攻角对背风侧车辆的气动力影响显著。     

既有桥梁对相邻车-桥系统气动力的影响分析

为了研究既有桥梁对相邻车-桥系统气动力的影响,通过节段模型风洞试验,测试了考虑、不考虑既有桥梁干扰工况下相邻车-桥系统的气动力系数,数值模拟了作用在车-桥系统上的抖振力时程,并计算了抖振力极值。结果表明:既有桥梁对相邻车-桥系统气动力的影响显著,导致部分工况下列车、桥梁的气动力显著增大,结构设计中应充分考虑邻近桥梁的气动影响;车-桥系统中列车的气动力受既有桥梁的影响更大;受既有桥梁影响,不同工况下,列车横向力系数最大增幅、减幅分别为39.3%和-143.1%,列车升力系数最大增幅、减幅分别为52%和-68.2%;不同工况下桥梁阻力系数均减小,且最大减幅为-22.4%;迎风侧列车抖振横向力、抖振升力幅值均显著增大,背风侧列车抖振力幅值变化相对较小;桥梁抖振力阻力幅值减小,抖振升力和抖振升力矩幅值略有增大;列车抖振横向力、抖振升力的极值增幅分别为35%和67%;桥梁抖振阻力的极值减幅为-22.9%,抖振升力、抖振升力矩的极值增幅分别为48.5%和37.5%。     

考虑风屏障效应的车桥系统三分力系数风洞试验研究

采用节段模型风洞试验,测试了车辆通过平地路基、跨度32 m简支箱梁、跨度16 m简支T梁时的三分力系数,综合分析了不同行车工况、不同线路构造形式及设置单、双侧风屏障后车辆和桥梁的气动特性。结果表明:较于箱梁和T梁,车辆在路基上行驶时更安全;安装单侧风屏障和双侧风屏障时车辆和桥梁的气动力系数都很接近,背风侧风屏障并不能有效改善车辆的气动性能;双车存在时背风侧车对迎风侧车的气动干扰较小,而迎风侧车的存在却使背风侧车的气动力系数减小,侧力系数甚至出现负值;风屏障的存在改变了车桥系统周围的流场;迎风侧车对右轨线的侧倾力矩系数总是大于对左轨线的侧倾力矩系数。     

风屏障透风率对车-桥系统气动特性影响的风洞试验研究

以某流线型钢箱主梁斜拉桥和轨道客运A型车为背景,通过风洞试验研究了风屏障透风率对车-桥系统气动性能的影响。分析试验数据得知:车-桥系统的斯特罗哈数随风屏障透风率增大而减小;当列车处于迎风位置时,风屏障的透风率对车-桥系统斯特罗哈数的影响较为明显;桥梁阻力系数随风屏障透风率的增大而减小,而列车阻力系数随风屏障透风率的增大而增大;随风屏障透风率增大,桥梁和列车升力系数的绝对值均增大;综合考虑列车位置和风攻角等影响因素,风屏障透风率为10%时,列车及车-桥系统在侧风下受到的气动力均较小,有利于行车安全。     

分离式公铁双层桥面相互气动干扰及对列车走行性的影响

横向风作用下公铁两用双层桥的上、下桥面间存在相互的气动干扰,为研究公铁两用组合桥间隔高度对列车走行性的影响,针对某分离式公铁两用混凝土箱梁桥,采用计算流体动力学（CFD）数值模拟和风-车-桥耦合振动研究的方法,分析了上、下桥面间隔高度对列车气动特性和车辆动力响应的影响。分析结果表明,公铁两用组合桥间隔高度对列车的气动特性和动力响应影响显著,间隔高度减小,列车升力系数和竖向加速度显著增大,轮重减载率也随之增大。公铁两用组合桥的设计应考虑间隔高度对列车的影响,以选择合理的间隔高度。     

风屏障对大跨度桁架桥风致振动及车辆风载荷的综合影响研究

为探究风屏障对大跨度桁架桥风致振动及车辆风载荷的综合影响,以某公铁两用桁架桥为背景,在XNJD-1号风洞中进行了1∶47.48的缩尺比节段模型试验,测试了无风屏障和设置不同风屏障方案时,车桥系统中车辆及桥梁各自的气动力系数、主梁的颤振临界风速以及主梁的涡振响应。结果表明:大跨度桥梁风屏障增加了车桥系统中主梁的阻力系数,降低了主梁的升力系数、车辆的阻力系数及升力系数。设置风屏障使主梁的颤振临界风速降低明显。风屏障在一定程度上可用作抑制主梁涡振的气动措施。     

强侧风下桥上高速列车倾覆稳定性及最优风障高度的研究

基于计算流体动力学理论,采用数值模拟的方法计算了高速列车通过双线简支箱梁桥时的气动力系数,考虑了轨道超高引起的列车风攻角、列车位于桥梁的横向位置、风障高度以及风偏角等因素的影响。根据列车运行于不同平曲线线路时的受力特点定义了列车倾覆系数,并参考有关标准设定了倾覆系数的容许值。在侧风风速为30 m/s情况下,计算了列车以不同速度通过设置有不同高度风障的桥梁时的倾覆系数,并据此选择了最优风障高度。计算结果表明:迎风侧线路上列车气动力系数比背风侧线路大,风障相对较低时升力系数随列车风攻角增大而增大;对迎风侧轮轨接触轴线和背风侧轮轨接触轴线的倾覆系数随车速和风障高度的变化规律均相反,最优风障高度由对背风侧轴线的倾覆系数决定;当列车处于迎风侧线路上时需设置的风障高度均比处于背风侧线路时高,即迎风侧线路是双线桥梁风障高度设置的控制线路;对于主导风向稳定的弯道,侧风从弯道内侧吹向列车时,最优风障高度随车速的增大而增大,从弯道外侧吹向列车时则与之相反;对于主导风向不稳定的弯道,应取侧风从外侧和内侧吹入时需设置风障的较大者。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。