乙撑双硬脂酰胺的合成新工艺

研究以乙二胺和硬脂酸为主要原料,在常压下一步法制备乙撑双硬脂酰胺,通过添加抗氧剂解决了产品颜色发黄的问题。实验结果表明最佳工艺条件为:n(硬脂酸):n(乙二胺)=1:0.57;乙二胺滴加温度100℃,滴加时间40～60min;反应温度200℃;反应时间4～5h;催化剂为磷酸其用量为硬脂酸质量的0.5%;抗氧剂的用量为硬脂酸质量的0.4%。抗氧剂的加入能够显著提高产品的颜色。     

对称性硫脲的绿色合成工艺

以乙二胺、二硫化碳为原料,在水中“一锅法”合成亚乙基硫脲（ETU）,收率达到99%以上,纯度达到99%以上。利用NMR、FTIR对产物结构进行了确证。考察了二硫化碳滴加温度、乙二胺与二硫化碳物质的量比、回流反应温度、回流反应升温速率及氢氧化钠反应段氢氧化钠的用量对亚乙基硫脲收率、纯度的影响。结果表明：最佳合成工艺条件是,二硫化碳滴加温度为30 ℃;n(乙二胺)∶n(CS2)=1∶1.2;回流反应温度为65~70 ℃,回流反应升温速率0.17 ℃/min;氢氧化钠反应段氢氧化钠的用量为乙二胺质量的3.0%。以此合成方法为模板,又合成了1,3-二乙基硫脲（DETU）和四氢-2（1H）-嘧啶硫酮（PUR）,经中试验证表明,工艺稳定可靠,产品收率、纯度均达到99%以上,母液可循环套用。     

直接酰胺化反应合成乙撑双硬脂酸酰胺

以硬脂酸和乙二胺为原料,经成盐和脱水2步反应得到乙撑双硬脂酸酰胺.考察了催化剂、抗氧化剂和反应温度对产品收率和色泽的影响,优化了工艺条件.结果表明,n(硬脂酸)∶n(乙二胺)=2∶1.0,磷酸作催化剂(用量为硬脂酸质量的0.5%),亚硫酸氢钠与硼氢化钠混合物作抗氧化剂(用量为硬脂酸质量的0.4%),m(亚硫酸氢钠)∶m(硼氢化钠)=3∶2,180℃反应3 h;产品色泽为白色,收率达到94.2%.     

对称性硫脲的绿色合成工艺

以乙二胺、CS₂为原料、水为溶剂，一锅合成了亚乙基硫脲(ETU)，收率和HPLC纯度均达到99%以上。利用NMR、FTIR对产物结构进行了确证。考察了CS₂滴加温度、乙二胺与CS₂物质的量比、回流反应温度、回流反应升温速率及NaOH反应段NaOH用量对ETU收率、HPLC纯度的影响。结果表明，ETU的最佳合成工艺条件为CS₂滴加温度25～30℃、n(乙二胺)∶n(CS₂)=1∶1.20、回流反应温度65～70℃、回流反应升温速率0.17℃/min、Na OH反应段NaOH用量为乙二胺质量的3.0%。以此工艺为模板，合成了1,3-二乙基硫脲(DETU)和四氢-2(1H)-嘧啶硫酮(PUR)。中试实验表明，该工艺稳定可靠，产品收率、HPLC纯度均达到99%以上，母液可循环套用。     

N-乙基-2,3-双氧哌嗪的工艺探索

以草酸二乙醇和N-乙基乙二胺为主要原料,经过缩合反应合成N-乙基-2,3-双氧派嗪,考察了溶剂及用量、物料配比、反应温度及时间、草酸二乙酯的滴加时间等因素对收率的影响,并通过正交实验对反应条件进行优化.在优化条件下,N-乙基-2,3-双氧派嗪的的收率可达81.52%.并在此条件下,尝试将传统的非均相反转变为均相反应,使...     

乙撑双硬脂酰胺生产工艺及应用概述

简要分析探讨了以乙二胺和硬脂酸为原料采用常压直接合成法制备乙撑双硬脂酰胺(EBS)的反应过程中影响其色泽的因素,着重讨论了原料、辅料、反应时间(滴加速度)、反应温度、抗氧剂、催化剂加入量、包装温度等的影响,提出了改善EBS色泽的方法。     

N-乙基乙二胺的合成

将溴乙烷滴加入过量的乙二胺中反应，然后加入氢氧化钠反应得到N-乙基乙二胺。通过正交实验得出的优化条件为：n（C2H8N2）：n（C2H5Br）=5：1，反应温度25℃左右，反应时间2h，滴加时间40min。在此优化条件下收率达64．56％。产品用红外光谱和气相色谱进行分析确认，产品质量分数〉99％。     

亚甲基二磺酸的合成工艺研究

以价廉易得的亚甲基二磺酸钠为起始原料,在甲醇溶剂中,以氯化亚砜为催化剂进行酯化反应。所得酯化产物经除杂、水解、浓缩、除水等操作获得高品质的亚甲基二磺酸。本文重点对此工艺的可行性及影响酯化反应的因素:温度、滴加速度和反应时间进行了考察,通过改变反应条件,确定最佳反应温度为0～40℃,滴加时间为4h,最佳反应时间为1h,酯化收率为94%,总收率为93.5%。     

3-（2,4-二甲基-3-戊氧基）邻苯二腈的合成

以3-硝基邻苯二腈、2,4-二甲基-3-戊醇、氢化钠为原料,进行赖因德斯—林格反应缩合,合成目标化合物——3-（2,4-二甲基-3-戊氧基）邻苯二腈,主要探讨了原料摩尔比、反应温度、滴加时间对产品质量和收率的影响。确定了较优反应条件;3-硝基邻苯二腈与2,4-二甲基-3-戊醇钠的摩尔比为1∶1.25,反应温度为0℃,滴加时间为3 h,反应时间2 h,反应收率为87%。通过熔点,HNMR确证目标产物的化学结构。     

硬脂酰苯甲酰甲烷(SBM)合成工艺优化研究

基于SBM工业化生产工艺路线，开展合成工艺优化研究实验，分析研究影响SBM收率及色泽的影响因素，并结合产品毛利率分析，得出经济效益最佳的反应物料配比。甲酯合成酯化工序需控制催化剂的加入量为硬脂酸投料量的15%,甲醇最低加量为理论量的1.5倍，生产中需严格把控硬脂酸原料的入厂品质检测；缩合反应控制需严格规范物料投料顺序，以滴加苯乙酮的方式控制反应，可防止苯乙酮自身的缩合副反应发生，确保SBM收率；在缩合反应过程中，需控制好反应温度，缩合反应温度最佳控制在125℃,反应物料配比为n(苯乙酮)∶n(硬脂酸甲酯)=1.0∶1.25,n(甲醇钠)∶n(苯乙酮)=1.5∶1.0,在此条件下SBM的收率在82.5%,色泽纯白，毛利率在34.19%。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.