河口水流、波浪、潮流、泥沙、河床变形二维数学模型

根据河口“波浪掀沙，潮流输沙”的泥沙运动机制，引入“波浪幅射应力”反应波浪对水体和泥沙的驱动力．考虑波浪对底部泥沙作用力、波浪对水流挟沙能力的影响及风场对水流和泥沙运动的影响．同时考虑泥沙粒径大小、水体含盐度、含沙量及水流紊动程度等因素对絮凝沉速的影响．用ＡＤＩ算法求解沿水深平均方程，破开算子法解悬移质不平衡输沙方程及河床变形方程，引入通度概念处理岸滩不规则边界，建立河口水流、波浪、潮流、泥沙、河床变形二维数学模型．通过实测资料及卫星摇感图像对所建数学模型进行检验，表明它可以较好地预测河口泥沙的运动     

明渠水流含沙量沿垂线分布研究

本文在分析天然河道高含沙水流实测含沙量分布的基础上，得到泥沙紊动扩散系数εs沿垂线分布的规律是：河底为零；河底至相对水深Y／H＝0.2范围内εs随水深增加而变大；Y／H＝0.2至水面区间基本是一常数，这与Anderson整理分析一般低含沙水流资料得到的结论是一致的，然后用分析所得的紊动扩散系数εs的表达式代入泥沙扩散方程求解析解，导出二维均匀明渠水流在平衡情况下悬移质含沙量沿垂线分布公式，该公式克服了经典的Rouse公式的两个缺陷，且与天然河道实测资料吻合较好。     

水电站沉沙池水沙运动规律模拟

采用Fluent数值计算模拟沉沙池的水流泥沙运动规律,并通过物理模型试验论证Fluent数值计算模拟水沙运动规律可行性,结果表明:纵向平均流速沿程呈现脉动较大衰减,前面流速波动较大,后面流速波动较小,纵向平均流速沿纵向分布越均匀,流场分布也越均匀,有利于泥沙在沉沙池内的沉降,沉沙池的沉降效果较好.受沉沙池边壁影响,水流...     

广佛过江隧道河段极限冲刷数值模拟

针对广佛过江隧道河段水流泥沙运动及河床冲淤变化,从平面二维非恒定水流运动方程、不平衡泥沙输移方程及河床变形方程出发,建立了二维动床数学模型。以隧址附近河道典型实测水流、泥沙及河床冲淤的实测资料对模型进行了验证。在此基础上开展了过江隧道河段在极端洪水作用下河床最大冲刷深度的数值模拟,预测结果与动床物理模型及实测资料河床演变的成果基本一致,进一步表明了动床数学模型的可靠性,预测成果可为过江隧道的合理埋设提供参考依据。     

二维水沙模型在深圳港铜鼓航道选线研究中的应用

采用边界拟合坐标系下的水流基本方程和泥沙连续方程及河床变形方程,建立二维动边界非恒定水流泥沙数学模型。根据研究水域的泥沙特点及冲淤特性,分别处理冲淤系数,提出了实用的挟沙能力公式,并辅之于动边界技术,增强了模型的适应性和灵活性。以深圳港铜鼓航道选线研究为例,对模型进行了验证及航道开挖回淤计算。结果表明,模型能较好地模拟河口水流泥沙运动及河床变形情况,且计算稳定性好,速度快,精度较高。水流、泥沙运动、冲淤验证成果基本能达到规范要求的精度。     

二维溃坝波遇障碍物的水流泥沙数值模拟

本文通过对浅水方程进行Godunov差分离散和对泥沙运动方程进行一阶迎风差分离散，建立了平面l二维溃坝水流泥沙数值模型。在算例中计算了溃坝波遇障碍物后的水流反射、绕射及泥沙冲淤，计算结果表明，溃坝波遇障碍物后会产生明显的反射和绕射，并在障碍物前形成壅水、障碍物的侧面会发生剧烈的冲刷，障碍物前后则会发生局部淤积。本模型能够较好地模拟溃坝间断水流的运动，结果符合水流泥沙运动的基本规律。     

畦灌施肥地表水流与非饱和土壤水流-溶质运移集成模拟：Ⅰ模型

本文基于零惯性量方程和一维对流-弥散方程建立起畦灌溉施肥地表水流溶质运移模型,并利用HYDRUS-2D软件模拟二维非饱和土壤水流溶质运移过程,以一维地表水流溶质运移模拟得到的通量条件作为二维非饱和土壤水流溶质运移模拟的上边界,利用编制的程序将两个模型进行集成,构建起畦灌施肥地表与非饱和土壤水流溶质运移集成模型。基于多时段分步迭代计算方法,实现沿畦长地表入渗溶质通量动态变化条件下的二维非饱和土壤水流溶质运移模拟。     

弯道水流的基本特性及数值模拟

总结了弯道水流水面横比降、横向环流、流速重分布、分离流及弯道切应力和局部阻力等基本特性及其研究现状;建立了极坐标下沿水深平均的弯道水流平面二维数学模型;并进行了试验室180°矩形弯道和长江调关河弯两个弯道水流的实例计算。计算和验证表明：建立的弯道水流数学模型能较好地模拟弯道水面形态变化和流速重分布。     

基于水流功率的坡面流挟沙力模拟

基于WEPP(Water Erosion Prediction Project)模型挟沙力方程,用两组水槽试验数据评价了水流功率对陡坡坡面流挟沙力的模拟能力。研究结果表明,坡面流挟沙力随着水流功率的增大而增大,可以用水流功率1.25次方的幂函数较好地模拟挟沙力(NSE=0.97),计算得到的泥沙输移系数独立于自变量水流功率,且趋向于常数。分析不同泥沙粒径的试验数据发现,泥沙输移系数随着泥沙粒径的增大呈幂函数递减(R2=0.99),从而构建了基于泥沙中值粒径、水流功率以及某一粒级泥沙在侵蚀泥沙中所占百分比的坡面流挟沙力方程,用独立的试验数据对方程进行检验发现,纳什效率系数高达0.97,检验结果表明模拟值与实测值间无显著差异,说明基于水流功率构建的坡面流挟沙力方程具有较好的实用性,可以实现陡坡坡面流挟沙力的有效模拟。     

生物絮凝泥沙运动输移数学模型

近几十年来,河流中生物絮凝泥沙的运动输移对河流生态系统与水工建筑物等造成的影响,已逐渐成为一个研究热点。本文将泥沙运动输移模型与生物絮凝机理模型耦合起来,构建生物絮凝泥沙运动输移数学模型,以预测富营养水生态系统中生物絮凝泥沙运动输移过程中的浓度及水位变化。模型中,通过求解一维非恒定流圣维南方程来计算水流,将生物絮凝视为导致悬浮泥沙絮团粒径变化的主要因素,通过不饱和非均匀输沙(泥沙/絮团)方法来模拟生物絮凝泥沙的运动。利用文献数据和室内水槽实验来验证生物絮凝泥沙运动输移数学模型,模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好,表明所构建的一维数学模型可以较好地模拟生物絮凝泥沙的输移特性。     

挟沙水流中石油类污染物输移转化的数值模拟

利用一维数学模型模拟了挟沙水流中石油类污染物输移转化现象。在所使用的数学模型中引入了基于固-液两相流基本守恒关系得到的吸附态、溶解态污染物输移转化方程,用以反映泥沙运动、河床冲淤与污染物输移转化的强耦合过程。文中对水槽及天然河流中石油类污染物输移过程的模拟结果表明,本文结果较好地反映了泥沙运动、河床冲淤对污染输移的影响,可用于挟沙水流中石油类污染物输移转化的模拟。     

NUMERICAL MODELING OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN CHANNEL BENDS

1. INTRODUCTION Due to the fact that three-dimensional (3D) numerical models are quite expensive to simulate flow and sediment transport processes, vertically-integrated two-dimensional (2D) models are extensively applied at present, even to the predictio…     

动床条件下溃坝水流的二维水沙耦合模型

现有大部分溃坝水流模型仅适用于模拟定床条件下的水流演进，但溃坝水流经常可在动床条件下演进。因此非常有必要同时模拟溃坝洪水演进时的水沙输移及床面冲淤过程。本文首先建立了动床条件下溃坝水流的二维水沙耦合模型。该模型主要由二维浑水控制方程、非均匀沙不平衡输移方程及河床冲淤方程组成，采用水沙耦合解法以及基于无结构三角网格下的有限体积法离散。同时利用Roe-MUSCL方法以及时间方向的预测-校正格式，使模型在时空方向具有二阶计算精度。然后采用已有算例及水槽试验资料对模型进行了初步验证。最后采用该模型研究了均匀沙及非均匀沙床面对典型溃坝水流演进的影响。模拟结果表明溃坝水流在定床及动床条件下的演进过程明显不同。溃坝水流因流速大，床面变形较快，且床面冲淤速率可与水流变化速率相当，故需要采用浑水控制方程及耦合解法。     

Comparison of methods for analysing salmon habitat rehabilitation designs for regulated rivers

River restoration practices aiming to sustain wild salmonid populations have received considerable attention in the Unites States and abroad, as cumulative anthropogenic impacts have caused fish population declines. An accurate representation of local depth and velocity in designs of spatially complex riffle‐pool units is paramount for evaluating such practices, because these two variables constitute key instream habitat requirements and they can be used to predict channel stability. In this study, three models for predicting channel hydraulics—1D analytical, 1D numerical and 2D numerical—were compared for two theoretical spawning habitat rehabilitation (SHR) designs at two discharges to constrain the utility of these models for use in river restoration design evaluation. Hydraulic predictions from each method were used in the same physical habitat quality and sediment transport regime equations to determine how deviations propagated through those highly nonlinear functions to influence site assessments. The results showed that riffle‐pool hydraulics, sediment transport regime and physical habitat quality were very poorly estimated using the 1D analytical method. The 1D and 2D numerical models did capture characteristic longitudinal profiles in cross‐sectionally averaged variables. The deviation of both 1D approaches from the spatially distributed 2D model was found to be greatest at the low discharge for an oblique riffle crest with converging cross‐stream flow vectors. As decision making for river rehabilitation is dependent on methods used to evaluate designs, this analysis provides managers with an awareness of the limitations used in developing designs and recommendations using the tested methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

明渠砂质床面桩柱冲刷与导流防护试验研究

为了研究明渠砂质床面桩柱冲刷的水沙动力机理,分析极限平衡冲刷深度和范围随水流雷诺数的变化规律以及抗冲刷导流防护措施的效果,利用动床模型水槽试验,再现了桩柱周围局部床面从平整发展到冲刷坑的发育过程,测量了各工况下冲刷坑的形态参数,并利用PIV技术观测粗颗粒泥沙局部悬扬运动。结果表明:桩柱冲刷范围(相对于桩径D)随雷诺数ReD增大呈减小趋势。当雷诺数ReD在4 500~18 000之间变化时,冲刷深度变化范围为2.4D~1.3D,冲刷坑半径变化范围为4.5D~2.5D。砂质床面桩柱冲刷除存在显著的推移质运动外,还存在局部粗泥沙颗粒悬扬,且悬扬输沙的范围和强度随冲刷坑发展而强烈变化。在桩柱后方设置导流板能够有效抑制柱后卡门涡街的生成,桩后冲刷深度最大减小幅度为27.7%,但对柱前冲刷深度的影响不大。     

黄河下游灌渠水流泥沙数学模型

本文结合灌渠的结构特点及水流泥沙特性，对一维非耦合，非均匀、不平衡沙基本方程组进行了合理的简化，根据实体模型试验实测资料，确定了自流与提灌时干，支渠分流的不同分沙分水比。     

具有河网水沙运动特点的人工神经网络模型

本文将人工神经网络模型与河网水沙连续方程联系，建立了具有河网水沙运动特点的人工神经网络模型，赋予神经网络内部参数物理概念。该模型的特点是对河道地形要求不高，能够满足水沙输移实时预报的要求。利用所建模型对长江中游荆江及洞庭湖区水沙运动规律进行模拟，结果表明该模型能够较好地反映河网水沙输移规律。     

平面二维溃坝水沙输移动床数学模型研究

为数值模拟溃坝洪水作用下泥沙输移及河床变形,建立了无结构三角形网格的平面二维水沙耦合数学模型。水动力学模型采用浑水流动方程,考虑了泥沙输移及床面冲淤变化对水流动量的影响;泥沙输移采用不平衡泥沙输移模式。模型数值计算格式采用守恒性较好的有限体积法,单元界面的对流通量采用基于近似黎曼解的Roe格式计算,扩散通量采用中心格式,不平衡泥沙输移方程采用坡度限制的二阶空间精度格式离散。模型经经典算例和小尺度瞬间全溃的动床实验资料检验,水面、床面及流速等计算结果与实验资料或解析解等比较吻合,分析了动床与定床水面及洪水传播速度的差异。在上述检验的基础上,采用动床模型对某河道型水库溃坝诱发的水沙运动进行了数值模拟,结果表明溃坝洪水下水流、泥沙及河床变形发生强烈的相互作用,采用水沙及河床变形耦合的数学模型是必要的。     

Two-Dimensional Composite Mathematical Alluvial Model for the Braided Reach in the Lower Yellow River

Abstract

The fluvial processes are considerably complicated in the braided reach of the Lower Yellow River, and the lateral or transverse channel deformation process is especially pronounced. The state-of-the-art of simulation techniques for the channel deformation in the Lower Yellow River was analyzed in this paper, and such a conclusion was drawn that existing mathematical alluvial models only can simulate the longitudinal channel deformation and cannot simulate such the lateral deformation as lateral erosion and failure of bank. Then a new two-dimensional (2D) composite model was developed herein, consisting of a 2D flow and sediment transport submodel and a riverbank-erosion submodel. This model not only can simulate the longitudinal and lateral channel deformations, but also can be used to simulate the fluvial processes of natural alluvial rivers with complex bed morphology. Through using the proposed composite model, the flood routing and channel deformation processes during the August 1982 flood were simulated. The maximum stage along the reach and the discharge hydrograph at the outlet so obtained were in good agreement with the observed data. Simulated results of the channel deformation processes showed that during the flood season, the main channel scours and the flood plain deposits; during the dry season, the main channel deposits and banks of the floodplain retreat due to lateral erosion by the flow and failure under gravity. Such results accord with the annual varying law of bed scouring and deposition in the braided reach.     

Combination of Runoff Simulation with Sediment Modeling in Rivers and Its Application in the Lower Yellow River

Abstract

Previous research on runoff show flow and sediment movement in rivers, and river bed variations are usually separated. This paper, from the point of view of the basin as a whole system, presents an integrated approach by combining runoff simulation with numerical model of sediment transport in rivers to simulate the whole processes of hydrological variables and flow-caused bed variations from the very upper part of the basin to the river mouth. To accomplish this purpose, BTOPMC, a rainfall-runoff model, and NUSTM-1D, a well-developed numerical model for sediment transport and river bed variations, are selected to form a combined model. The application of the proposed model to the lower Yellow River shows that it can properly simulate rainfall-caused runoff, the change of suspended sediment concentration along the river, and river bed variation.