利用改进的引伸计自动测量铍材的断后伸长率

根据GB/T 228.1-2010的技术要求,金属材料断后伸长率的测量方法通常包括人工测量和利用引伸计自动测量两种方法。由于铍材拉伸试验时试验机无法夹持直接购买的标距为25mm的引伸计,为了满足标准对引伸计使用的技术要求,重新设计了引伸计的刀口,并将自动测量结果与人工测量结果进行了比较。结果表明:采用改进后的引伸计可以准确、快速地自动测量铍材试样的断后伸长率。     

不锈钢拉伸试验条件与断后伸长率测量值的关系

采用单向拉伸试验研究了不同拉伸速度、不同试样规格对不锈钢冷轧薄板断后伸长率测量值的影响。结果表明:不锈钢的断后伸长率测量值随拉伸速度的提高而下降、随试样横截面的增大而提高。说明拉伸试验条件对不锈钢薄板的断后伸长率测量值影响较大,只有在拉伸试验条件一致的情况下,断后伸长率测量值才能作为选材的依据之一。     

用拉伸试验机横梁位移值计算断后伸长率

介绍利用拉伸试验机横梁位移数据计算拉伸试样断后伸长率的方法。由试样长度与标距不一致产生的测量偏差，可通过补偿值加以修正，其测量精度与常规测量方法基本相同。     

冷轧薄钢板拉伸试样尺寸对断后伸长率和最大力总伸长率影响的对比

为了解决国内外冷轧薄钢板拉伸试验标准不统一,断后伸长率（A）受试样标距影响,没有直接可比性及换算的局限性,同时也为了满足车身设计人员提出的同一冲压级别的汽车板应采用同一种标准的伸长率表征力学性能的要求,采用大量试验验证了最大力总伸长率（Agt）与试样标距无关。并根据拉伸试验机已能自动测出Agt的现状,提出应将其列入汽车板标准力学性能表中。     

DC03冷轧钢板断后伸长率测试结果的影响因素及其不确定度评定

通过对DC03冷轧钢板的断后伸长率进行测试,分析了断后标距测量位置对断后伸长率测试结果的影响,以及手工测量与引伸计自动测量两种方式的差异,最后对手工测量的断后伸长率A_(50mm)和A_(80mm)测试结果的不确定度进行了评定。结果表明:试样的原始标距越长则测得的断后伸长率越小,原始标距越短则测得的断后伸长率越大;采用引伸计自动测量断后伸长率得到的测试结果小于手工测量的测试结果;当包含因子k=2时,该DC03冷轧钢板手工测量得到的断后伸长率测试结果为A_(50mm)=49.0%±2.0%,A_(80mm)=40.5%±2.0%。     

TC4钛合金棒材拉伸试验结果的不确定度评定

依据GB／T228-2002中规定的试验方法对TC4钛合金棒材进行了拉伸试验,对材料的力学性能包括屈服强度、抗拉强度、断后伸长率和断面收缩率进行了测试,从试样尺寸测量、试验机、引伸计、试验数据修约及材料的不均匀性等方面分析了测量标准不确定度产生的原因,对拉伸试验结果进行了不确定度评定,并对试验结论的判断进行了讨论。本方法对其他金属材料的棒材拉伸测量结果不确定度的评定具有一定的参考价值。     

GB/T 228.1-2010中断后伸长率测量方法浅析及修订建议

根据GB/T 228.1-2010中断后伸长率的测量方法,选取塑性富余量较小的BW300TP耐磨钢板进行拉伸试验,分析了采用机器测量方法和手工测量方法测得的断后伸长率结果有差异的原因,并对标准提出修订建议。结果表明:因断裂位置偏离标距中心,机器测量的断后伸长率小于手工测量的断后伸长率,可用关系式y=0.850 5x+5.183 8对机器测量的断后伸长率结果进行补偿和修正。建议GB/T 228.1-2010中P7带头试样的平行长度最小值修改为60mm;取消附录D中矩形截面非比例试样平行长度L_c≥L_0+1.5(S_0)(1/2)的规定;增加不同试验材料的机器测量断后伸长率的修正方法及修正建议值。     

使用横梁位移测定铍材的断后伸长率

GB/T 228.1-2010规定了使用直接法和移位法测定金属材料的断后伸长率。但铍材拉伸试样的横截面积和断后伸长率较小,若使用直接法测定,其断后伸长率随断口所在位置及试样断裂部分拼接状态的变化而变化,不具备唯一性;若使用移位法测定,虽弥补了直接法的不足,但操作较为麻烦。笔者介绍了利用横梁位移计算铍材拉伸试样断后伸长率的方法,可弥补上述两种方法的不足。通过试验及数据统计分析,证明此种方法可以准确快速地测定铍材试样的断后伸长率。     

拉伸速度和制样方式对聚苯乙烯和聚丙烯拉伸性能的影响

研究了拉伸速度及制样方式对聚苯乙烯(PP)和聚丙烯(PS)材料的拉伸强度和断后伸长率的影响。结果表明:随着拉伸速度的增大,两种材料的拉伸强度均有所增加,而断后伸长率却呈现出不同的变化;PS注塑成型试样的拉伸强度和断后伸长率都明显高于压制成型试样,PP注塑成型试样的断后伸长率比压制成型试样的增加了69%,而拉伸强度几乎没有改变。     

不锈钢棒1Cr17Ni3A断后伸长率的换算及验证

材料经过拉伸试验,其断后伸长率随着试样原始标距的不同以及在不同状态下存在很大差异,对伸长率换算中经常使用的包氏(Bauschinger)公式及奥氏(Oliver)公式进行简要介绍。通过对不同直径,不同标距的1Cr17Ni3A不锈钢棒圆形横截面拉伸试样进行室温拉伸试验,测出其断后伸长率,经过数据拟合后得到其Oliver表达式,并验证该表达式的合理性。     

新型耐火耐候钢材高温力学性能与本构模型研究

采用标准试验方法,对首钢集团生产的楼承板用SQ410FRW耐火耐候钢冷轧钢带进行稳态拉伸试验,以测定其典型高温力学性能指标,包括钢材高温弹性模量、规定塑性延伸强度、抗拉强度、断后伸长率和断面收缩率。通过非线性回归方法得出相应的高温折减系数表达式,包括弹性模量折减系数、规定塑性延伸强度折减系数和抗拉强度折减系数。根据试验应力-应变关系曲线,回归得出基于Ramberg-Osgood模型(R-O模型)的应力-应变本构模型,以用于后续有限元参数化建模过程中对结构构件的温度场分析和顺序热力耦合分析。试验结果表明：绝大多数拉伸试样均在平行段内或标距段内发生断裂,且断后伸长率随温度升高呈现总体增大趋势;高温弹性模量、高温规定塑性延伸强度和抗拉强度在600℃及以下时降低较少,均保持在常温名义值的60%以上,基本满足耐火钢的力学性能指标要求;基于R-O模型的应力-应变本构关系表达式的拟合优度均在90%以上,与试验应力-应变曲线吻合良好,故提出的本构模型可用于相关钢结构或组合结构构件的有限元抗火分析。     

焊接接头横向拉伸试验结果分析

通过一系列对比试验,研究分析了Q345焊接试板焊接接头横向拉伸性能与全焊缝和焊板母材之间的差异,探索接头横向拉伸所得屈服强度与断后伸长率的合理性。结果表明,接头横向拉伸所获得的屈服强度值介于母材与全焊缝的值之间,且试验结果受所用引伸计标距的影响较为显著;接头横向拉伸断裂位置虽在母材上,但抗拉强度值要高于母材强度近20 MPa,断后伸长率则比母材低了近10%,但仍高于全焊缝的值。     

均匀化处理对Mg-13Gd-3.5Y-2Zn-0.5Zr镁合金组织和力学性能的影响

对Mg-13Gd-3.5Y-2Zn-0.5Zr镁合金铸锭进行均匀化处理,温度为505～525℃,时间为4～24h,并采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和万能材料试验机等检测手段分析均匀化处理前后合金微观组织和力学性能的变化。结果表明:均匀化处理后,原始组织中网状分布共晶化合物转化成晶界处不连续分布的块状LPSO相,离散分布的方块状富稀土相溶解。力学性能测试显示,铸态镁合金的抗拉强度为172.9MPa,伸长率为1.8%,经过均匀化处理后合金的力学性能得到提高,在515℃/16h均匀化制度下,合金室温抗拉强度为212.3MPa,伸长率为3.1%;在200℃下抗拉强度为237.2MPa,伸长率为9.7%,性能达到最佳。断口扫描显示,铸态合金是以撕裂棱与解理台阶为主的解理脆性断裂,均匀化处理后的合金中出现小而浅的韧窝,但仍然是以解理台阶为主的准解理断裂,塑性提高有限,长程有序相可成为裂纹的萌生源。     

热处理对AZ31B镁合金轧板组织和性能的影响

研究了AZ31B镁合金轧板经不同温度、时间退火后的组织和性能及其再结晶行为。结果表明,热轧板材在退火过程中主要发生再结晶;退火后,强度略有下降,但伸长率明显提高;在523K下退火,保温60min,可获得平均晶粒直径为10μm的细晶组织,其抗拉强度为258MPa,断裂伸长率为22.3%,综合性能较好。热轧态板材呈脆性准解理断裂,退火后转变为韧性断裂。     

Effect of cryogenic treatment on the tensile behaviour of En 52 and 21-4N valve steels at room and elevated temperatures

This experimental study investigates the effects of cryogenic treatment on the tensile behaviour of En 52 and 21-4N valve steels at room and elevated temperatures. The materials are subjected to shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) at 193 K and deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) at 85 K and the tensile behaviour is compared with that of the conventional heat treatment (CHT). The high temperature tensile test is conducted at 673 K (400 °C) and 923 K (650 °C) for the En 52 and 21-4N valve steels respectively. The ultimate tensile strength of the En 52 and 21-4N DCT samples show an enhancement of 7.87% and 6.76% respectively, over the CHT samples tested at the elevated temperature. The average yield strength of the En 52 DCT samples has an improvement 11% than that of the CHT samples when tested at room and elevated temperatures. The deep cryogenic treatment conducted at the optimized condition shows 7.84% improvement in the tensile strength for the En 52 valve steel and 11.87% improvement for the 21-4N valve steel when compared to the strength of the samples without the cryogenic treatment. A scanning electron microscopic analysis of the fracture surface indicates the presence of dimples and microvoid coalescence on the grain facets and interfaces of the cryo-treated specimens. The fracture surface of the deep cryo-treated 21-4N valve steel specimen shows a complete intergranular fracture with deep secondary cracks between the grains. On comparing the results of the percentage elongation, the cryo-treated samples show a smaller reduction in the elongation than that of the CHT samples. It is concluded that the precipitation of fine secondary carbide through cryogenic treatment is the reason for the improved strength and the reduction in elongation.     

Production and Anisotropic Tensile Behavior of Resin‐Metal Interpenetrating Phase Composites

Metal‐polymer composites can be used to synthesize material properties. A variety of interpenetrating phase composites have been produced by spontaneously infiltrating porous short‐fiber preforms with unsaturated polyester resin under vacuum conditions. Porous preforms are fabricated by compacting and sintering short 304 stainless steel fibers from cutting stainless steel fiber ropes. Tensile experiments are conducted, and fractographs are examined via scanning electron microscopy. The results reveal that the tensile strength, elongation at maximum stress, and elasticity modulus of the IPCs increase with the increasing fiber fractions and exhibit anisotropy in different directions. The tensile strength and elongation at maximum stress are significantly improved compared with the consistent preforms. A nonlinear elastic behavior and sawtooth‐like fluctuation during yield deformation are noted. Compared with the through‐thickness direction, a higher tensile strength and larger elongation at maximum stress are observed in the in‐plane direction. Finer‐diameter fibers can improve the strength and increase the elongation at maximum stress. The tensile fracture surfaces show a mixture of brittle and plastic fracture characteristics.

     

Tensile Properties of Electrodeposited Nanocrystalline FCC Metals

Bulk nanocrystalline Ni and Ni-15wt%Fe alloy were fabricated via electrodeposition techniques. The nominal grain size of nickel samples was varied from 15 to 200 nm by employing different deposition parameters. The grain size was further reduced to 9 nm by alloying nickel with iron. The tensile properties were evaluated at room temperature using dog-bone shaped samples. The results of this study confirm that strength and strain hardening rate increase with decreasing grain size. The fracture behavior was found to depend on the grain size, presence of large and small defects, and the stress state. The tensile elongation and reduction in area varied significantly among the samples and did not correlate with the fracture behavior. Three categories of behavior were identified. In Type I the samples showed completely ductile fracture but very low tensile elongation. In Type II the samples showed a relatively brittle behavior but impressive tensile elongation. In Type III the samples showed ductile behavior with reasonable tensile elongation. In this article, the tensile elongation and the fracture mode of nanocrystalline face centered cubic (FCC) metals are discussed in terms of deformation behavior and presence of defects.     

样品取向对轧制钢板拉伸性能的影响

分别对不同厚度、不同取向(α=0°,45°,90°)的SPCC冷轧钢板、SPHC热轧钢板、SUS304冷轧不锈钢板和SUS304热轧不锈钢板进行了拉伸试验,研究了取向因素对轧制钢板拉伸性能的影响,并分别探讨了钢板厚度、轧制状态和钢板材料等因素引起的拉伸性能各向异性程度的差异。结果表明:样品取向对轧制钢板的拉伸性能有明显影响,轧制方向的抗拉强度和断后伸长率较高,而屈服强度的变化规律则较为复杂;钢板厚度、轧制状态、钢板材料等因素对轧制钢板拉伸性能的各向异性都有不同程度的影响。     

Impact Tensile Stress–strain Characteristics of Wrought Magnesium Alloys

Abstract:  Impact tensile properties of three different wrought magnesium alloys (AZ31B-F, AZ61A-F and ZK60A-T5) are evaluated using the split Hopkinson bar. Reliable tensile stress–strain data up to fracture in the extrusion direction at strain rates of nearly 1000 s⁻¹ are presented and compared with those at quasi-static and medium rates of strain obtained on an Instron testing machine. The effect of strain rate on the tensile strength, elongation at fracture and absorbed energy is examined in detail. It is demonstrated that the tensile strength increases with increasing strain rate, and the strain-rate dependence of elongation at fracture and absorbed energy varies, depending on the magnesium alloys tested. The limitations of the test technique are discussed.