Reservoir flood control operation model incorporating multiple uncontrolled water flows

This study presents a weighted pre‐emptive goal programming model formulation for coordinated reservoir operation, with easy inclusion of uncontrolled water flows. The model is combined with a multiple water inflows forecasting model, and can be used for real time reservoir operation. Water flow routing from various upstream sites is accounted by with a single compact equation. Integration of controlled and uncontrolled water flows in the optimization model simplifies the operation model, resulting in accurate computation of the downstream water flow. Multiple objectives with water storage and flow variables are used to derive optimal regulation for a reservoir system under flood conditions. For real time operations, the model can be used to determine optimal water release rates for a current period, on the basis of an optimal water release schedule for an operating horizon (T). The model is applied to the flood control operation of reservoirs in the Narmada River Basin (India), with three controlled and three uncontrolled water flows affecting the downstream flow at Hoshangabad. Reservoir water storage and downstream control point flows are zoned, with prioritized objectives used to derive the optimal water release rates. Model applications to the 1999 flood event in the Narmada River Basin with observed and forecasted inflows illustrates that, if water inflows were known through a forecasting technique well in advance, the coordinated operation of the reservoirs could substantially reduce the peak water flows at the control points. The study also indicates that uncontrolled channel flows at the damage site were sufficiently high to cause flooding at the damage site.     

梯级水库溃坝洪水模拟

为充分利用水能资源和实现流域水资源的综合调控,我国在众多河流上进行了梯级开发,因此,对梯级水库大坝群的溃坝洪水风险开展研究具有重大意义。结合贵阳松柏山、花溪梯级水库实际工程状况,在假设梯级水库大坝出现溃坝事件时,以河道溃坝数学模型进行溃坝洪水演进模拟分析,获得上游松柏山水库溃坝、花溪水库库区及其下游风险区域的水位变化过程。结合数学模型计算成果,分析了梯级水库群不同水位组合溃坝洪水对下游的影响。     

Development of Optimization Schemes for Floodplain Management; A Case Study

In this paper, two optimization models are presented. The first model is developed to determine economical combination of permanent and emergency flood control options and the second one is used to determine the optimal crop pattern along a river based on the assigned flood control options by the first optimization model. The optimal combination of flood protection options is determined to minimize flood damages and construction cost of flood control options along the river using the genetic algorithm (GA) optimization model. In order to consider the effects of flood control options on hydraulic characteristics of flow, two hydrological routing models for the reservoir and the river are coupled with the optimization model. Discharge–elevation and elevation–damage curves obtained based on separate hydraulic simulations of the river are used for flood damage calculations in the optimization model. The parameters of a hydrologic river routing model are also calibrated using the developed hydraulic model results. The proposed model is applied to the Kajoo river in the south-eastern part of Iran. The results demonstrate an economical integration of permanent and emergency flood control options along the river which include minimum expected value of damages related to floods with different return periods and construction cost of flood control options. Finally the resulting protection scheme is used for land use planning through identifying the optimal crop mix along the river. In this approach, the objective function of the optimization model is an economic function with a probabilistic framework to maximize the net benefit of agricultural activities. The study exhibits the importance of floodplain management and land use planning to achieve the development goals in the river basins.     

Flood Control Operation of Reservoir Group Using Yin-Yang Firefly Algorithm

Flood control operation (FCO) of a reservoir is a complex optimization problem with a large number of constraints. With the rapid development of optimization techniques in recent years, more and more research efforts have been devoted to optimizing FCO problems. However, for solving large-scale reservoir group optimization problem, this is still a challenging task. In this work, a reservoir group FCO model is established with minimum flood volume stored in each reservoir and minimum peak flow of downstream control point during the dispatch process. At the same time, a flood forecast model for FCO of a reservoir group is developed by coupling Yin-Yang firefly algorithm (YYFA) with ε constrained method. As a case study, the proposed model is applied to a three-reservoir flood control system in Luanhe River Basin consisting of reservoirs, river channels, and downstream control points. Results show that optimal operation of three reservoirs systems can efficiently reduce the occupied storage capacity for flood control and flood peaks at downstream control point of the basin. The proposed method can be extended to FCO of other reservoir groups with similar conditions.

     

双库连通水库调洪演算的方法研究

该文以合肥市杜集水库为例,分析和研究双库连通水库受下游河道影响的调洪演算的理论方法,通过建立双库连通水库计算模型进行调洪演算;计算结果表明,该方法理论合理,操作性强,成果可靠,可应用于双库连通水库的防洪调度和调洪演算。     

水库下游非平衡河流设计最低通航水位的确定

设计最低通航水位是航道整治工程的基本参数,该水位的现有确定方法是建立在河床冲淤变化不大条件下的水文资料统计方法。水库下游河床处于非平衡变化过程中,河床冲淤幅度较大或水库下泄流量过程因调度规则的差异而不同时,已有方法不再具备适用条件。本文将原有平衡河流通航设计水位的概念延伸至水库下游非平衡河流河床冲淤变化过程中,分析了三峡水库不同蓄水时段影响设计水位的主要因素、影响过程及其程度,以水库调度计算和下游河床冲淤一维数学模型计算为基础,分析了长江中下游沿程各站不同时期的设计水位,又为水库下游非平衡河流设计最低通航水位确定提供方法参考。     

A Modified Muskingum Flow Routing Model for Flood Wave Propagation during River Ice Thawing-Breakup Period

During the period of river ice thawing and breakup process (termed as “ice cover thawing-breakup”), vast amount of water stored in ice-covered river reach will be released comparing to that under open flow condition. The flow routing process during river ice thawing-breakup period will be different from that under open flow condition, since water stored in and channel from ice thawing-breakup process and flow routing process are very complicated. If the flow routing process during river ice thawing-breakup period can be predicted, it will very important for flood protection in the downstream river reach. In present study, water released from ice cover thawing process is considered as the lateral inflow to the channel flow during propagation process of flood wave from upstream to downstream. A model for the flood routing process during river ice thawing-breakup period has been developed based on the Muskingum hydrologic method. Using the modified Muskingum model, the routed outflow hydrograph has been determined along the Baotou Reach of the Yellow River during river ice thawing-breakup period. Results showed that the simulated hydrographs using developed model agree well with those of field measurements.

     

水库调洪演算的SD模拟

基于SD理论建立了水库调洪演算的SD模型,并通过实例模拟了水库调洪过程。结果表明:SD模型可避免求解水库调洪演算方程组的复杂过程,可准确、高效地模拟水库调洪运行的过程。     

溃坝洪水数值模拟

在已有溃坝洪水数学模型基础上建立的溃坝洪水计算模型，可对洪水由库尾向坝址的传播过程、溃坝洪水向下游的推进过程、溃坝洪水漫过堤防后在下游城镇内的淹没过程进行水动力学模拟．利用所建立的溃坝洪水计算模型，对某水电站大坝溃坝洪水在拟定的各工况下进行的坝下游洪水预测表明，溃坝历时、水库上游来流量及溃坝时不同的坝前水位是影响该模型计算结果的主要因素．     

段曹斌 胡苑成 詹寿根

由于受库区淹没处理、下游防洪等诸多因素制约,万安水电站于1993年建成后一直按初期运行方案运行,不仅无法充分发挥水库防洪、发电、灌溉和航运效益,还恶化了电站的汛期运行条件。目前,万安水库下游防洪条件已经得到较大改善,为提高万安水库运行水位创造了条件。针对拟定的提高万安水库运行水位的3种方案,从发电效益改善,库区淹没处理投资,航道改善等方面进行了可行性分析。结果表明,恰当确定水库运行水位,加上受益行业共同投资,3种方案都能获得较好的经济效益。建议进一步从下游防洪要求方面开展深入研究,尽早实现水库效益最大化。     

Real-time flood forecasting of Huai River with flood diversion and retarding areas

A combination of the rainfall-runoff module of the Xin’anjiang model, the Muskingum routing method, the water stage simulating hydrologic method, the diffusion wave nonlinear water stage method, and the real-time error correction method is applied to the real-time flood forecasting and regulation of the Huai River with flood diversion and retarding areas. The Xin’anjiang model is used to forecast the flood discharge hydrograph of the upstream and tributary. The flood routing of the main channel and flood diversion areas is based on the Muskingum method. The water stage of the downstream boundary condition is calculated with the water stage simulating hydrologic method and the water stages of each cross section are calculated from downstream to upstream with the diffusion wave nonlinear water stage method. The input flood discharge hydrograph from the main channel to the flood diversion area is estimated with the fixed split ratio of the main channel discharge. The flood flow inside the flood retarding area is calculated as a reservoir with the water balance method. The faded-memory forgetting factor least square of error series is used as the real-time error correction method for forecasting discharge and water stage. As an example, the combined models were applied to flood forecasting and regulation of the upper reaches of the Huai River above Lutaizi during the 2007 flood season. The forecast achieves a high accuracy and the results show that the combined models provide a scientific way of flood forecasting and regulation for a complex watershed with flood diversion and retarding areas.     

Integrated washland optimization model for flood mitigation using multi-objective genetic algorithm

Washlands in river engineering have attracted attention as an alternative flood control facility and the promotion of biodiversity in a watershed. This article introduces an integrated washland optimization model that is developed to evaluate flood mitigation alternatives by installation of washlands in a large watershed. This model is aimed at encouraging collaboration between channels and basin storage for burden-sharing in the whole basin. The model’s effectiveness in managing flood control is evaluated using a linkage between the optimization algorithm and Unsteady NETwork program (UNET) for hydraulic routing process and flood decrement computation in basin network. For optimal scheduling of the channel and washland capacity, two objective functions are defined: maximization of the freeboard in the channel, and minimization of the washland storage area. The multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) based on a rank-based fitness assign method is used for optimization of these two objectives. The results indicate the optimal location of the washlands, and thus enable the precise evaluation of the freeboard increments by hydraulic routing process according to the pareto-optimal solutions in the basin-wide channel.     

应用一维水动力学模型预测三峡水库蓄水位

三峡水库是河道型水库,以常规的静库容方法推算库区水位变化误差较大,有必要应用水动力学模型进行计算。建立了基于一维非恒定流的水动力学模型,模拟库区河道水流演进过程,预测三峡坝前的水位、流量过程。选取2007年9月25日至10月3日的三峡水库蓄水资料进行计算,并与实测水位比较。结果表明,该模型具有较好的精度,能够为实际蓄水调度提供参考。     

三峡水库动态汛限水位控制范围探讨

为了充分发挥三峡水库的防洪兴利效益,将当前单一汛限水位控制的运行方式改为动态汛限水位控制是必要的,也是可行的.在满足水库下游防洪标准和允许水库下泄安全流量要求的前提下,对主汛期和汛末期分别采用预泄方式和预蓄方式进行调洪演算,研究不同动态汛限水位控制范围的影响,得到了符合水库实际调度的动态汛限水位控制范围.结果表明,三峡水库实施动态汛限水位控制的运行方式,既可以避免抬高汛限水位引起的防洪风险,又能增加水库兴利效益.     

水库溃坝洪水数值模拟及下游风险评价

以锦屏二级水库为例,利用DAMBRK和一维水动力模型模拟多种组合工况下水库溃坝和洪水演进过程,并对计算得到的溃口流量及下游洪水演进结果进行分析。根据溃坝洪水模型计算获得的水库下游地区洪水淹没情况,综合考虑洪水的危险性、暴露性和易损性,利用模糊综合评价法对水库下游8个重要乡镇进行了洪水风险评价,评价结果可以为该流域进行安全应急预案制定、洪水灾害风险管理等提供技术参考。     

基于水库-河道耦合关系的水库水沙联合调度模型研究与应用

为使多沙河流水库既能实现防洪、发电和生态等综合效益,同时又能兼顾下游河道维持一定过流能力的目标,运用动态规划方法构建了基于水库-河道耦合关系的水库多目标优化调度数学模型,集成了水库减淤效益、发电效益、下游河道河床演变3个计算子模块。其中下游河道河床演变计算子模块是整个数学模型的核心模块,它的年度计算结果既作为水库调度寻优的判别条件,又通过实时反馈更新了下一年度水库优化调度计算的边界条件。将该模型应用到黄河小浪底水库水沙联合调度的研究中,结果表明,在维持下游河道4000 m3/s左右的中水河槽的基础上,构建的模型能充分权衡下游防洪、库区减淤、电站发电之间的关系,实现了水库综合效益的优化。该结论为研究多沙河流水库水沙联合优化调度提供了新的思路和理论依据。     

深圳河四期蓄滞洪区物理模型试验方法研究

深圳河治理工程四期滞洪区模型试验的难点在于非恒定流自动控制系统和下游河道尾门水位控制的不确定性。通过经验公式计算和水槽试验优选模型加糙方案,下游尾门处采用复合堰的控制方法实现水位—流量自拟合功能,对深圳河滞洪区溢流堰结构形式、溢流堰与下游堤防衔接方式,以及溢流堰堰顶高程进行优化试验研究。试验结果表明,优化后的设计方案工效效果显著,可推广至类似滞洪区模型试验控制。     

桃林口水库下游山区洪水演进模拟和洪灾损失评估

以二维非恒定流控制方程为理论基础,采用有限体积法,建立了洪水演进数学模型。将改进的水量平衡模式应用于山区洪水演进计算,以解决单元虚假流动的问题;同时在考虑山区地形对洪水演进的影响条件下,以桃林口水库泄洪过程作为模型边界条件,对下游山区的淹没范围、淹没水深和流场进行了模拟;并结合青龙河两岸洪痕点实测值对模型进行了验证,模拟结果与实际情况基本吻合;最后以洪水演进为基础,对洪灾经济损失和生命损失进行了估算。该研究成果可为评价区域防洪影响提供必要的研究思路和方法。     

含多个行洪区的淮干中游段洪水模拟Ⅰ:模型建立

淮干中游分布着16个行洪区,堤内有堤。建立具有良好模拟精度和较高计算效率的洪水模拟模型是科学管理淮河流域洪水的难点和关键。基于MIKE11软件,以行洪时间和蓄洪量不变为原则,把行洪区概化为一维河道;提出了在缺少行洪区实测地形资料的情况下,利用行洪区水位-库容关系曲线概化行洪区河道断面的方法;针对行洪区各口门的不同控制方式,采用相应的概化方法并设置合理的控制参数,模拟洪水在主河道与多个行洪区之间的转换过程;采用2007年和2003年实测洪水资料,对模型进行率定和验证,结果表明该模型精度较高,能快速模拟行洪区进退洪过程及其调度规则。模型可服务于淮河中游洪水的科学安排与实时决策,其建模思路对闸坝众多的复杂河道洪水演进模拟具有一定借鉴意义。     

淮河上游水库群防洪联合调度效果及潜力分析

水库群防洪联合调度效果与潜力分析,对进一步提高水库群防洪效益具有参考价值。以淮河王家坝以上防洪系统为研究对象,以9场历史实测大洪水为样本,采用控制断面的洪防洪效果指数、综合防洪效果指数、极限潜力、优化潜力和综合潜力指数等作为水库群防洪联合调度的效果和潜力评价指标,王家坝以上水库群在现行的防洪调度水平下,对下游班台、息县和王家坝防洪控制断面防洪效果显著,各水库仍具有不同程度的防洪潜力,进一步研究水库群防洪联合调度具有实际意义。